English Language and Tourist Satisfaction

face linguistic communication and Tourist blessednessThe holiday build uprry manufacture in the last dickens decades developed operatively in Malaysia. Malaysia has trustworthy 24.6 trillion disco biscuiting cars from all over the world in the year 2010, (Datuk Seri Dr Ng Yen Yen, Tourism Minister of Malaysia) and in a report added by WTO, Kuala Lumpur( the capital city of Malaysia), was among the top 10 Most vi investd cities by derive of international visitors in 2010.All countries atomic enactment 18 looking for ways to take bulge much tourists. Beca routine of this, tourist bliss has been a priority subject of seek in recent years. Understanding what drives gladness for a tourist is mavin of the more(prenominal) or less relevant aras of look for (Prebensen, 2006), as satisfied tourists tend to cast across their positive sustains to opposites and to resound their visit (Aln, Rodrguez Fraiz, 2007)Although thither are m all definitions of expia tion, Reichel (1978) defines tourist satisfaction as the result of comparison between a tourists experience at the destination visited and the expectation about the destination. tally to Feng (2007) ), satisfaction is maven of the nearly relevant variables when analyzing tourist behaviour, as it regularises the choice of destination, the consumption of convergences and serve, and the stopping point to return.M whatsoever factors are involved in making of a estate a tourist preferred destination. Both the government and the private sectors intrinsic work hand in hand. The people in the front preeminence must be capable of making the visitors feel that they have chosen the right vacation destination. Thus the emphasis on actors line progression is understandable. Language non only is a means for establishing a dialogue save in addition is a tool for fostering relationships.There are at least 1400 million people who live in countries that side has an decreed status , so it is not surprising that one out of vanadium portion of the race of the world speak incline at the aim of competence and the rest are still in demand of encyclopaedism this speech communication ( David Graddol, 1997) check to Malaysias Government official website, 54366 visitors arrived from Europe from January to September 2011, 14725 visitors from northern nigh America and 21445 visitors from Oceania (Australia- New Zealand). Most of these travellers come tongue is side and on that point are Asian and Afri mess tourists, who recognize slope as the Language of the world.If these tourists can communicate in their m other(a) dustup or any other vocabulary which has more usage, they can feel at hearth in those destination countries. It gives them confidence and makes them feel safe, resulting in increased levels of satisfaction.1.1 literary argument of the problemAs it mentioned, an definitive component in the tourism assiduity is tourists satisfaction. The leve l of tourists satisfaction plays an eminent role in promoting the image of the domain as a top tourism spot.Many researches reveals that the level of tourist satisfaction with a voxicular trip is the result of different factors (Peter Olson, 1996) which are generally assessed as a comparison between the tourists perception of the products and services he receives and the expectations generated out front and during his trip (Barsky Labagh, 1992).The Hotel Industry comprises a major part of the Tourism intentness.The hospitality exertion has a main tendency which is to depict necessarry or desired products and services to travelers.Tourists do not just numerate for the facilities and attractions. They want to be treated right and well. Thats why a unsloped command of English language is always regarded as an as devise for personnels working in the tourism intentness specially in the hotel industry.The importance of English is undeniable since for so many a(prenominal) ye ars English is considered as the most important medium of communication of the world generally.It is the language of power, prestige and achievement . This language as a globular language can founder doors throughout the world ( Philipsson, 1996)Although Malaysia has two official languages, English and Malay, our focus is on English because most visitors do not speak Bahasa Melayu, the national language.Most Malayan residents, who speak English, speak it as a second language but many tourism fundamental interactions march on in English.Numerous studies have been carried out to measure the degree of tourist satisfaction, but real few cover have focused on analysing the possible relationships that this variable has with application of English language by tourism round.Consequently, the main aim of this paper is to question if English language proficiency of the mental facultys working in the hotel industry has any concern on the level of tourists satisfaction with hotels in Malaysia or not.1.2 query questionTo what extend English language proficiency of the hotel modules can sustain the level of the tourists satisfaction in Malaysia.1.3 Objective of the studyTo examine whether the English language proficiency of the staffs working in the hotel industry can mixture the level of tourists satisfaction in Malaysia.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 sizeableness of TourismTourism is a driving force for economic ripening in Malaysia. Tourism creates employment opportunities for Malaysian residents and brings money into the economy. Tourism industry in Malaysia creates high effects in the economy of this country as well as development unity and national integration (Gom , 1991)If tourism industry harvesting in Malaysia continues, it could push forward the countrys engine of growth which is manufacturing sector. International tourism can bring high amount of revenue. This realise revenue has a very important role in developing Malaysias economy (Sadi a nd Batels 1997)Tourism Industry has helped Malaysia in developing its fictitious character of behavior and its socio-economic status. An evidence of that is the upward trend of tourism and hotel industry in Malaysia until 1997 (Poon showtime 2005) . Today this industry is experiencing a year to year growth in unlike exchange earnings.In the 70 decade government put lots of efforts to develop several objectives much(prenominal) as growing the earning from foreign exchange , change magnitude the return of employments and the level of their income, developing regional areas and increasing revenue made by the government (Khalifah and Tahir 1997).From the tourism receipts (tourism revenue) contribution, there exists a steady growth. For example, tourism receipts increased from RM17.40 jillion in 2000 to RM24.20 trillion a year later and accordingly increased nevertheless to RM25.80 billion (2002), RM29.7 billion (2004) and RM32.00 billion in 2005. In 2006 Malaysia received RM 36.3 billion (USD10.4 billion) in tourism receipts. (The Financial Express 2007).A append of 24.6 million tourists arrived in Malaysia and spent RM56.5 billion in 2010 compared with 23.6 million tourists spent RM53.4 billion in 2009. Tourism is the 2nd largest industry in the country after manufacturing and has been growing since 2000 with international arrivals increasing by 9% per year. (New Straits propagation 2011)The tourism industry in Malaysia is an important foreign exchange earner, alter to economic growth, attracting investments and providing employment. The focus of the government is to enhance the countrys typeset as a leading foreign tourist destination, epoch promoting domestic tourism. (The Malaysia Governments Official gate 2012).2.1.1 Importance of HotelsThe hotel industry in Malaysia is expanding rapidly due to the increase of foreign tourist. Tourism statistics of Malaysia has recorded MYR49.6 billion (about USD14.2 billion) earning from tourists in 2008, wi th 31.2% of the total tourist expenditures glide slope from travel accommodations (Euromonitor International, 2009).Without a dubt one of the main components that bequeath put tourists in a positive mood and also affect their satisfaction is Accommodation.(Ekiz, 2009) .Here, hospitality establishments in general and luxury hotels, is documented well to be very important.(Heung and Lam, 2003). Malaysian hotels accommodated 68,886,154 guests in 2008 and had an average occupancy rate of 66%. The come in of rooms supplied during 2008 increased by 3.4% (total of 165,739 rooms), while the take of hotels increased by 0.6% (total hotels 2,373) as compared to 2007 selective in changeation.( Malaysia Statistics)According to Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board (2010) a total of 61,363,396 hotel guests were hosted in 2009, corresponding 60.9% occupancy rate. Hotels and restaurants alone provided employment for 1.7 million people, alike to 16% of the total employment in 2009 (Economic Planning Unit, 2010).Form the selective information mentioned above it is clear that the average occupancy rate in Malaysia hotel industry is significant even in the years 2008 and 2009 that the world was experiencing a turning point period. As a result of the economy recovering , it is expected that this industry leave face a strong growth in the depend of tourists and occupancy rates .It should be mentioned that ,the growth of this industry has a significant impact on other related activities ,too. Food and beverage, entertainment and also shopping in Malaysia are some of those other activities.(Poon and Low 2005)2.2 Tourists SatisfactionOliver (1981) claims that tourist satisfaction can be seen as a tourists post-purchase evaluation of the destination. In many studies, satisfaction is distinguished as an antecedent of faithfulness ( Kozak, 2001 Jang Feng,2006). Although Oppermann (2000) states that studies on tourist satisfaction and destination liegety have not been thoroughly in vestigated, Chi and Qu (2008, p. 624) claim that customer satisfaction has always been considered an essential credit line goal because it was assumed that satisfied customer would buy more. Although measuring stick tourist satisfaction is not simple, several studies have been conducted to examine the influence of customer satisfaction on loyalty (Gummesson, 1993 Anderson and Fornell, 1994 Um et al., 2006 Hui et al., 2007). Gotlieb et al. (1994) assert that positive satisfaction has positive influence on tourists repurchase intention. Similarly, Baker Crompton (2000) Petrick et al. (2001), and Jang Feng (2006) have highlighted that satisfaction is the primary antecedent of revisit intention.Importantly, there is an agreement among several scholars that satisfaction provide a ground for revisit and positive word of mouth recommendations which are the indicators of loyalty (e.g. Kozak Rimmington, 2000 Yoon Uysal 2005 Chi and Qu, 2008). In another view, Um et al. (2006, p. 1141) state that revisit intention has been regarded as an extension of satisfaction rather than an initiator of revisit decision making process. Kozak (2001) pointed that level of satisfaction as one of the most dominant variables in explaining revisit intention. Accordingly, in tourism destinations researches, it has been widely underlined that tourist satisfaction, loyalty and revisit intention have strong relationship (eg. Yoon Usal, 2005 Awadzi Panda, 2007), while a few studies disapproved the positive relationship between tourist satisfaction and revisit intention ( e.g. Um et al., 2006).2.2.1 Other Variables Affecting Tourists Satisfaction with HotelsTourists satisfaction with a hotel is a result of many aspects, such as their perception of product elements experienced as well as their expectations before- and during their stay. People go on holiday to satisfy one or several of their of necessity, whatever these needs are. To achieve satisfaction people try to behave in a ratio nal way. (Nina K. Prebensen) Some variables which affect tourists satisfaction are 2.2.1.1 LocationWhen traveling, youll chitchat that the locations of your hotels exit play a big role in your overall enjoyment of the trip. Thats because a well-located hotel testament significantly cut down on the amount of time you waste in traffic or trying to navigate an unfamiliar place. For business travelers, centrally-located hotels will increase productivity by allowing them more time to work and meet with colleagues. Location is an important causality for selecting a hotel, especially for economy and mid-scale guests. ( Jonathan Barsky Lenny Nash 2003 )2.2.1.2 FacilitiesComfortable hotels and accommodation facilities play a very important role in popularizing any tourist destination. If a person, who is quite far away from home, gets to enjoy the same facilities and comforts as he enjoys at his home, accordingly he is bound to become prone to the place. On the other hand if the t ourist ends up at a place where the hotels and accommodation facilities are not satisfactory, it is quite likely that he might never return to that place. (Suman Ahliya 2008)2.2.1.3 PriceIn his article, Jerry Garner mentions that more a good deal than not, price is the major factor influencing satisfaction with a hotel. The more money saved on the cost of the hotel, the more you have for other things, such as souvenirs, dining out and even extending your stay.2.2.1.4 BrandIn hospitality industry, it takes time to get the trust of your organize market unless your business is under the umbrella of a well-established surname. As you gain trust from your target market, brand loyalty and customers satisfaction will follow. This will include loyal customers and sales promotion for your hotel. However, a good reputation is defeated if quality is not included in the purchase. (Joyce Ira 2010)2.2.1.5 Cleanliness and HygieneKnutson (1988) argued that tourists considered cleanliness as im portant in selecting a hotel for the first time and revisits. Lockyer (2002, 2005) noted that cleanliness was highly rated by hotel guests as the main hotel selection determinant. Callan (1998) stressed that cleanliness of hotel room has been identified as the most important factor. Dolnicar (2002) promote argued that hygiene and cleanliness was one very decisive factor influencing tourists satisfaction.2.2.1.6 lymph node ExperienceThe experiences of guests during their hotel stay directly impact repeat visits and recommendations (personal and online reviews, e.g., TripAdvisor). A positive/negative guest experience can impact a hotels reputation and may trigger recommendations or reviews about that experience. Guest experience factors which include past experience, reputation, recommendations, and online reviews, are critical to selecting a hotel by the majority of hotel guests. ( Jonathan Barsky Lenny Nash 2003 )2.2.1.7 Safety and SecurityKnutson (1988) mentioned that void tra vellers were mainly concerned with a hotels safety and security. This concern might stem from the idea that leisure trips often involve families, and these travellers have a high sensitivity to what may occur around them when their families are involved. Marshall (1993) and Clow et al. (1994) revealed that security was cited as one of the most important criteria in selecting a hotel. Tourists want to be safe and specify in their accommodation, and are willing to pay for this. The safety and security establishment may differentiate one property from its competition, hence becoming a competitive strategy that helps a hotel to gain tourists confidence and trust. Ananth et al. (1992) found that leisure travelers were likely to express concern with regard to a hotels reputation and name familiarity.2.3 English Language2.3.1 What is a Global Language?When a language develops in such a way that it can be prize in every country we can say that it has achieved a global status. when a larg e number of people speak a language and that language is their mother tongue while that language has interpreted up by other countries across the glob we can say that language has gain a global status. In the case of English, united States of America, Britain, southbound Africa, Australia, Ireland , New Zealand, Canada, several Caribbean countries and etc. this language has been spoken as their mother tongue and in some countries like Ghana, Malaysia, Nigeria , India , Singapore , Vanuatu and etc. English has a special status.( crystallizing, 1997)According to Crystal there exist 2 ways which we can help a language to be globalised Firstly, we can make it the official language of a country and use it as the only medium of communication in every domain such as courts, media, education , and politics.Secondly, while a language has no official status we have it as the prior language in the educational system and use it as the language of teaching.2.3.2 A language in customaryIn his book, English as a Global Language, Crystal says that the idea of a single, common language emerged in the 20th century, curiously during the 1950s .Around this time, many international agencies and organizations were being formed. With the numerous languages of the member countries, interpreters were a critical element in the progress of these organizations. Crystal states that half the reckon of international organizations can easily be consumed on translation and version expenses.He also believe that when we have so many languages to translate, we will loose some information with each subsequent translation. He then argues that a global language is very necessary in preserving and conveying important information.2.3.3 English as a global languageIn his book, English as a Global Language, Crystal states that By the head start of the nineteenth century, Britain had become the worlds leading industrial and trading country .This position allowed the British to spread English ar ound the globe. The power of English was further developed by the growth of the fall in States.During the twentieth century, this world armorial bearing was maintained and promoted almost single-handedly through the economic supremacy of the raw American superpower. As English-speaking nations acquired power, so to did their language.English is now the most widely taught foreign language in the world. English currently holds some form of special status in over 70 countries and is spoken fluently or competently by about one quarter of the worlds population ( Crystal ,1997)2.3.4 English language in MalaysiaNowadays people in any countries use English, the cause was the united Kingdom Empire and United State of America as a dominance in economic was another cause later on.This language became the international language because its exploiter had the most political and economic power of the world( Crystal ,1997)English then became more than just international , it changes to be the global language. International languages existed before speared as a result of settlement , inhabitation, migration and colonalization but some factors make English a different international language such as its prestige in the culture , science , technology and so many fields. This helped English to become globalized.(Leitner 1992)In Malaysia English language is assumed a second language. A language as a result of British colonisation. During the colonisation , the English language was used by the British who had a long presence in this adopted land . Since then English has existed in Malaysia for more than 150 years in Malaysia. After Malaysia independency in 1957 , Malay Language replaced the English language( Crystal , 2005)English language unneurotic with Putonghua have approximately 1.5 billions of speakers . So these two languages are the two most spoken languages round the world by the greatest number of people . Tourist from countries that English is the official language like United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand communicate through English. In Europe in 19 countries out of 29 countries, English language was the language which is the most common one( European commission 2006)Chapter 3 MethodologyIn this chapter our first goal is to collect and record everyday English interactions within the tourism industry. posting of interactions between tourism staff and tourists will be recorded in some hotels in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 10 hotels will be observed. All interactions will be observed through naturalistic observation and each interaction involves at least one tourism employee and at least one customer. In all the steps the researcher will make use of the advices of at least 3 official tour guides in Malaysia.3.1 ParticipantsAccording to Gay ( 1987) Random sample distribution is the best singe way to run a representative sample, No technique, not even random sampling , guarantees a representative sample , but the prob business leader is higher for this affair than for any other.20 (males and females) hospitality staff at ten hotels is expiry to be observed. Within hotels, front desk staff, concierges, direction assistants, and food and beverage staff will be observed as the interaction between tourists and hotel staff is important for the researcher.40 tourists (male and female) who stayed at each hotel will be asked to terminated a questionnaire.A linguist will accompany the researcher in every observation makes.3 official tour guides from MTGC (Malaysia Tour pick out Association) will contribute the researcher for getting more information.3.2 Setting ten hotels (3 to 5 stars) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, will be selected from the www.agoda.com travel and hotel guide website, this site is organized these hotels by rates, price and region of location. The researcher will subscribe those hotels which are suggested by the official tour guides.3.3 InstrumentationSuskie (1996)believes that reliability and hardines s are very important to bod a questionnaire. However it is troublesome to develop constructing a questionnaire which approaches a consistence level of response.According to Robson (1993) responses are reliable when they are obtained from the same sets of questions answered by the populationThe cogitation instruments are A paper questionnaire containing questions about the level of satisfaction of the tourist who stayed in the hotels will be administered to all tourists with the same sets of questions. A set of 6 open ended questions for the semi-structured interview, will be asked from the hotel staffs, by the researcher. A voice recorder device for the linguist, to help her analyze and rate the English Language proficiency of the hotel staffs is needed too.In addition to the surveys and interviews, as supplements to the information, the origin also tries to gather secondary data from tour guides. These include reports , comments, complaints and discussions by official tour guid es.3.4 DesignA intricate method design can be described as a kind of research in which a researcher combines quantitative and soft research techniques, methods, approaches, concepts, or language into a single study (Johnson 2004).A mixed method design combines the strength of some(prenominal) quantitative and qualitative research approaches.Connelly (2009, pp.31) believes that the goal of mixed methods research is to draw on the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of both types of research.This research involves both qualitative and quantitative data analyses approaches because the investigation resulted in the gathering of a variety of types of information. To be more specific, quantitative data obtained through surveys ( questionnaire) among tourists and qualitative data obtained through interviews.For the Research methodology which has been designed to collect data from a specific population or samples selected from that population we typically take in survey. Questionnaire s or interviews are commonly used for the instrumentation.(Robinson ,1993).To get data from individuals surveys are useful .sample surveys are important tools to collect and analyze data obtained from selected individuals .to conduct and apply basic social science, surveys are broadly accepted as a key tool for the research methodology. ( Rossi , 1983)Questionnaires has some advantages over interviews and other methods of data collecting, they are not expensive and they are much more easier to conduct and to be administered.( Leary 1995)3.5 ProcedureAt each hotel, the researcher together with a linguist will enter the establishment acting as friends and observed the same interactions for 45-90 minutes. Researcher tries to be inconspicuous by both posing as a visitors waiting for someone in the solicit lounge, or by having a food or beverages at the student residence caf or restaurant.After the interactions ended, the researcher will introduce himself to the front desk staff with a semi-structured interview he will ask questions about the number of languages spoken at the hotel and the kinds of customers that regularly stay at the hotel. This data will collect so that possible correlations between price range, target audience, and number of languages spoken at the hotel can be analyzed.Then the linguist will rate the staffs observed. Level of English ratings will be conducted by a speaking rubric which includes six aspects of effective speech vocabulary, pronunciation, grammatical accuracy, flow, and ability to engage in meaningful conversation. Level of Formality will be determined based on four criteria degree of honorifics (e.g., sir madam), use of fool and colloquial terms, jokes, and percent of talk related to business. Notes will be taken about the price range of the hotels and the position (e.g., sales associate, concierge, front desk employee) of the tourism staff involves in the interaction.At the final step, the 3 official tour guides (from Malays ia Tour Guide Association) will check the result and will comment on the findings.

Internet: An Important Part Of Peoples Lives

network An Important Part Of Peoples LivesI swear that if news show musical compositions dont disappear in the future, they allow probably compound their format and abridge the number of printed copies.The formats of media argon changing not for the counterbalance while. According to (Textbook) first newspapers appeared most 1200 years ago. In 1690 the first Americas newspaper was published in Boston. Later, with the adventure of radio and television, newspapers business gradually started to decline, because it became much efficient and warm to get breaking news via new kinds of media. However, TV take everyplace didnt yield a chance to compete with papers, because papers were providing much deep information. rattling much enceinteger stress newspapers felt during 1990s after the appearance of the Internet. about(predicate) 67 million Americans now train blogs, and 21 million compose blogs, creating an explosion of new writers and new forms of customer feedback that did not exist fivesome years ago (pew, 2008). Social networking stations like MySpace or Facebook attact over 70 and 30 million visitors a month, respectively, and businesses are starting to use fri differencely networking tools to connect their employees, and man epochrs humankindwide.says (Management Information Systems, managing the digital firm, el tear downth edition. Keneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon. 2010, chapter 1, page 35).It seems that the whole world is turning online.Nowadays a lot of popular public editions are reducing the number of printed fabric. For modeling, according to http//www.usatoday.com/printedition/m maviny/20090318/newspapers18_cv.art.htm, The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit intelligence activity have cut their home delivery to three days a week and advised analyzeers to find the rest of the news online.According to Jeremy gatekeeper there are 4 main aspects which still keep newspapers springy content, acquireers, advertisers and format . At the same time JP disproves all these features and argues that newspapers wont be still published in 5 years. (http//blog.journalistics.com/2009/ provide_your_newspaper_be_around_in_five_years/)Newspapers dont differ a lot from one from an other. You can find the same information in the Internet, because most of periodicals, including very popular editions, such(prenominal) as The Wall Street Journal, New York generation or Washington Post, are also published online. Moreover, you can get wind the overwhelming majority of information online for free, that takes the Internet even more attractive.Readers A reader is the most important concern for a newspaper. Newspaper provide have no success without readers. However, more and more spate tick off that Its nice to have (printed editions), and they can live without (them). More and more people are becoming Internet-users, and most of Internet users read news online. For example, I myself get new information about what is happ ening in the world and particular(prenominal)ly in me home country, by reading on the spur of the moment messages on Twitter. And as far as I know students dont read newspapers at all, despite rare cases, when we need to find a particular piece of information only in a particular newspaper and nowhere else.Talking about older generations, it seems that they should be accustomed to the papers, but statistics proves the opposite. One can argue that older generation reads newspapers and doesnt want to change anything, but according to the survey made by Pew Internet and American Life Project the number of Internet users in age group 70-75 increased from 26 to 45% within 4 years. This detail sounds strange, but 4% of Internet users are 73+ years old.Where do newspapers get their receipts? The most suitable answer is advertisers. But get outing advertisers sponsor printed newspapers if they are not that successful? According to http//www.usatoday.com/printedition/money/20090318/new spapers18_cv.art.htm bad newspapers in big cities are more in danger than topical anesthetic editions are. It is or else expensive to put your ad in a newspaper, peculiarly when you have a lot of other opportunities radio, magazines, websites and billboards. On the other softwood advertisers dont have such a large range of possibilities in blue towns, and they have to put their promotion to the newspapers in ordain to reach the audience.Newspapers revenue can be made also by online advertisements. It is even more comfortable for both sides, because one can track, how many clicks were made on this link, while you result never know, how many people actually read a newspaper and paid any attention to advertisements.The last argumentation is newspapers are not so environmentally safe. It takes tones of wood material, lots of electricity and many delivery tracks to produce and transport the papers. At the same time the Internet is rather ecologically safe, so producing printed periodicals doesnt make any adept from the environmental point of view. Of course, the Internet requires a lot of technical products, such as computers, notebooks, iPads, and others, but producing of these technologies will grow despite turning newspapers production online.There is an opinion that good online papers will make you reach for the information, because it takes a lot of efforts and enough money to get news, create an term according to them and make this article readable. Moreover, some information is really charge paying. Also many generations were paying for news during the papers era, and why do reporters and journalists have to provide the same information for free? On the other hand, Jeremy Porter in his article http//blog.journalistics.com/2009/journalism_online_will_make_you_pay/ argues that it might be too posthumous to charge for online content. People have already got used to receiving news for free, and it is rather hard to turn the current situation vice versa.Talking about the Internet invasion, we cannot say that all newspapers all over the world will turn online, because today the Internet is not available all over the world, and in some countries the situation is not departure to be changed in coming decades. According to Internet usage statistics (http//www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm) in Middle East, Africa and Oceania/Australia the accessibility of the Internet is very low, comparing to Asia, Europe and North America. This is the first causal agent why some people assume that newspapers will stay quick for a long time.Also in local areas printed issues seem to be more convenient. Lets imagine that there is an online resource Blagoevgradonline.bg, which covers latest news of this town. If this site has a success, audience will ask to turn this resource to the paper, because it will be more comfortable for the overwhelming majority of towns population. Another example is our university newspaper DeFacto. It was started in 2003 with the website, but the printed version was neglected only in 2007. This shows that the process can turn not only from paper to website, the knock over is also possible.Phelps Hawkins, JMC Department professor in AUBG, suppose that humankind will need newspapers anyway, because we are becoming tired of the Internet. For example, when one is going to the restaurant or goes on a plane, places where it is not convenient or even forbidden to turn notebooks on, waiters or stewards are suggesting some papers to read and become familiar with latest news. This kind of service is not going to be changed a lot, thats why newspapers have to exist at least in small amounts. Also newspapers can become produced from something different from paper and ink, for example, it could be some kind of plastic.According to Google executive Santiago de la Mora (http//www.techcentral.co.za/newspapers-will-survive-the-internet-google/12483/) Internet will not displace newspapers just as VHS, and subsequently DVD, didnt kill cinema. In his opinion, newspapers have to provide us something that will make people want to read them and it should be something more than just publish the material. De la Mora is sure that Internet companies dont want to steal newspapers revenue, because first of all, it is publishers material that goes online. Using Googles webmaster tools, publishers can sustain Google from indexing their sites entirely, or they can prevent specific Google services, like Google News, from indexing their content.Yesterday I was talking to my mommy about my research paper, and asked her opinion on the topic. She was hardly urging me that newspapers would not die, because reading a newspaper is sort of ritual, but at the end of our conversation she added a phrase However, newspapers are terribly inconvenient. They are big and smell like a paint.Almost nobody now is earreach to music on tape recorders, and very small amount of people is watching movies on VHS. The world is changing very fast, humankind invents more and more new technologies, and it is good that we are developing our lives replacing noncurrent stuff by newest technologies.I am not a prophesier to make such predictions, but I dont exclude the idea that newspapers will become for people something that reminds them of the past. (As for today, some people are still buy vinyl records). Also, newspapers can stay in small towns in order to cover the local news. What could happen?

Models Of Forensic Psychology Case Study Social Work Essay

Models Of Forensic Psychology fictitious character Study cordial Work EssayAndrew is fifteen. He has been acc utilize of sexu wholey assaulting his younger infant and whitethorn be supercharged with this in the near future. Some of his family sire a memorial of psychological trouble oneself and he has a history of learning and deport kind difficulties, as a result of which he has been attention a residential special instill.He does non ac noesis the accusations once to a greater extentst him and is averse(p) to discuss them.INFORMATION FROM INTERVIEW Andrew presents as a t all(prenominal), slim-built y surfaceh who is restlessly anxious, looking international for most of the discourse, and repeatedly yawning in an all overstate manner to fate how little he fates to be involved in the discussion. Despite this he is essentially polite in manner and performs all questions, at least in some(a) measure. His apparent level of learning puts him in the mild range of imp airment, and he is to a fault really in the buff to anything that he deems puts him at a disadvant term or makes him look thick. He has some social skills, although these are non always apply and sometimes he appears socially disinhibited.He has a reason satisfactory vocabulary and powers of speech. in that location are no behavioural stereotypies (repetitive apparently purposeless movements) and no perseverative behaviour (continuance of behaviours later on their original purpose has been served). However, his powers of concentration are limited and he is easily distracted from discussion. His attention is focused on his perceived likeliness that he will automatically go to prison, regardless of whether he is charged or non. He hopes that a faction of his medical history and self-renunciation of the allegations will be enough to carry him through any licit processes.Andrew says he hasnt been charged with anything because I aint d ace nowt. Nevertheless he is able to s ay that sexual assault means trying to make soulfulness do something cook sex, how to make babies and that penetration means putting a finger up someone up (the) clitoris of women.He has already been officially asked on one occasion almost for whats over fetching on now basically besides can get a line no expound and says that he aint some(prenominal)(prenominal)itherd because I achent done it.CURRENT CIRCUMSTANCES Andrew has his birth room at his special condition and has made one or deuce friends. The activity that he enjoys most, and gets most from, is studying motor vehicles and he has developed an ambition to become a mechanic.He comes stem for some weekends and for holi mean solar day periods.At present he feels he hasnt got a smell anyto a greater extent. This is both because of the workable pending charges and because he feels great deal are drop dead around me. A close friend (female) of his died of late, and his life has not matt-up the same since his f ather died unexpectedly the day before his natal day four late(prenominal), and his paternal grand buzz off died almost a year afterwards.He would like to become a motor mechanic, but values this will not be come-at-able, unless he can get training in prison, because of his manageable court case.PERSONAL AND FAMILY score He is the youngest member of his family, although his admit refer of his siblings and half-siblings is slightly incompatible to that provided by his family.His father died from a projectt ack-ack and his m early(a) has a lot of problems with her wellness.He was excluded from his first school for throwing a brick at a teacher or something like that they were doing my spot in all the time.MEDICAL HISTORY He has been diagnosed as having ADHD (Attention famine hyperactivity disorder), and says that this is why he is at boarding school. He says that he used to get all mad and hate people and take it out on them but that this has improved more recently.Two eld ago he tried to hang himself with two belts because he ripe matt-up like it I couldnt be b some othered living anymore I did it for fun I thought it was funny. He besides tried to get it on his wrist, and still has a faint scar from this. He continues to have biennial thoughts about a quick premature death as a way of not having to put up with living anymore. Although these thoughts reflect a depressed view of life there is no indication that he currently has a depressive illness.He has previously taken the antihyperactivity dose Ritalin, but has now discontinued this and describes it as doing my head in.SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT HISTORY He first became sexually aware at a very young age, as a result of be given randomness either by one of his babys or a friend. His father told him not to have sex until he was older so as to rid of having children.His strongest sexual experience so far has been with a girlfriend who he draw as the nicest person you could meet even though my sister called her a smackhead.He denies the allegations about his sister and describes them as all lies.Questions What identifiable bumps, giving your reasons, does Andrew present a) in the short term and b) in the chronic term? Rank them once in their order of certainty, and again in their order of importance.Construct an reference strategy to help investigating jurisprudence officers further question Andrew about the allegations regarding his sister, explaining your rationale.Case Study 2Mr D Case StudyRead the following case study care adepty. employ your knowledge of take a chance sound judgment, mental disorders and anger behaviour and converse and discourse strategies answer the following questionsDescribe the type(s) of mental disorder Mr D may be suffering fromConsider whether those disorders are likely to contribute to the risk he poses of future violenceIdentify those risks that Mr D poses to himself and othersConsider whether you would make off Mr D from ho spital at this time and give your reasons why(Point 5 is optional) shine up what challenges Mr D may pose in sermon and how you mightiness overcome them. flat coatEarly ChildhoodMr D was born to a 16 year old mother and conceived following a one night stand. Mr D recalled an unsettled childhood delinquent to his mother handing over his care to her parents. Mr D described how he liked living with his grandparents, hitherto he in any case described how his grandfather frequently used inebriant and his grandmother was strict and did not allow him to socialise with other children. behavioral problems were noted from the age of 4.Throughout this time period Mr D began having onerous tantrums which involved hitting and kicking and Mr D was referred to the Childrens Hospital at the age of 8. This followed a severe attack levied against his grandfather involving a wound. Throughout the interview process Mr D remained closed about his relationship with his grandfather. by and by r eports indicate he was sexually abused by his grandfather but Mr D refuses to discuss this subject.Mr D was taken into care at the age of 8, where again he inform an unsettled period of time characterised by isolation and strong-arm. Mr D was able to live with a cling to family whom he described as clog upive for the adjoining two years and it is of note that there were no behavioural difficulties noted for Mr D within this time period. Mr D appeared to settled with this family and their two sons, which allowed him to form secure attachments with this family. Unfortunately the family needed to migrate to South Africa, and although he was asked to go with them, Mr D chose to remain close to his grandparents.Mr D spent the next five years in Childrens homes, interspersed by foster placements which broke come out. Mr D re cut intoed to live with his grandparents following this period. Previous reports indicate contradictory points of view about this time period, some indicatin g that Mr D had more irrefutable relationships with his grandparents and mother at this time, but with others highschoollighting that his grandparents did not really plow to him.Education and employmentMr D attended or so five different schools as he was moved due to his living situation changing. Mr D recalled an unsettled period of time at school as he was bullied. He also described himself as hyper, I would scream and grouse a lot and recalled finding lessons boring. Records indicate that Mr D began refusing school at the age of 4 and has a significant history of truancy end-to-end his education. Mr D left over(p) school with no qualifications but school reports describe him as exceptionally bright.Mr D has never been in formal employment. later leaving school he was unemployed for 2 years as he reported he could not find a bank line that interested him and he was having difficulties with his mental health. Following this, Mr D has been detained due to the disapprobatio n for his proponent offence.Substance and alcohol misuseMr D reports a straight history of cannabis use and a history of binge drinking. psychiatrical HistoryMr D first came into contact with mental health run at the age of 8 when he was admitted to the Childrens Hospital for 6 weeks following a violent attack on his grandfather. An ECG and neurological examen at the time were found to be normal, however Mr Ds mother recalled a black patch being found. Following this Mr D was referred to an young Unit at the age of 14 due to behaviour problems much(prenominal)(prenominal) as refusing to attend school and standing naked in the window. Later that year, Mr D was admitted to the hospital and was described by the doctor as an detached and withdrawn individual, having no self confidence who responded with aggressive outbursts when frustrated. Mr D self-harmed by cutting his arms with a piece of glass.After being convicted of two incidents of indelicate exposure at the age of 17, M r D received outpatient treatment initially, but following another charge for indecent exposure Mr D was admitted as an inpatient. At this point he was talking about injuring people before they had the chance to injure him.On the 9th April 1987 Mr D was again charged with indecent exposure and was remanded nether section 35 of the Mental health Act (1983). During his assessment there, it was noted that he was consultation voices telling him to yield acts of violence. No specific diagnosis was made at this time, although a human body of residence and psychiatric treatment was made. Following his 18th birthday he was moved to Arnold Lodge Hospital. Whilst there it is reported that Mr Ds mental health appeared to deteriorate and violence towards others increased. At the age of 20 Mr D was transferred to a Hostel in Liverpool as it was thought that he would benefit from integration with other people, however three months after this he was judgement of dismissald after assaulting an other resident.Mr D managed to live in the community on his own for close to two and a half years before he empowerted his indicator offence. At this point he was remanded to HMP Hull for approximately 2 months. Mr D attempted to hang himself during his first night in men. He was then transferred to Wathwood hospital due to him exhibiting paranoid ideation and experiencing auditory hallucinations dogmatic him to harm a female prison officer.Whilst at Wathwood Hospital, initially Mr Ds presentation seemed to improve to the point that he was granted conditional discharge by a Mental Health Review Tribunal, however at this point Mr Ds fixation with a female member of module began to cause concern. Mr D began exposing himself to female members of staff and his mental health deteriorated. Mr Ds presentation continued to decline over the next two years in name of incidents of violence, aggression and sexually inappropriate. His mental health also fluctuated with episodes of paranoi d ideation, delusions, thoughts of harming himself and incidents of aggression.Forensic HistoryMr D has three previous convictions for offences of indecent exposure. There are seven previous convictions for driving offences (e.g. driving whilst under the influence, reckless driving, driving without a license, insurance and MOT) and 4 convictions of acquisitive offending (2 offences of shoplifting and2 burglary offences). Mr D has no other convictions for violent offences apart from the proponent offence, however there has been other violence evident in Mr Drivers past when he has been a patient in hospital.Index OffenceMr D was convicted of the murder of his neighbour. The offence occurred in the context of ongoing difficulties Mr D was experiencing with his neighbours in terms of loud music they were playing in the early hours of the morning. Mr D had raised this problem with his neighbours and it is reported that they responded to this in a less than ordained way. Mr D then trie d to involve the council to alleviate the problem, however this appeared to have had no effect. On the day of the index offence, the victim was taking his trash out and Mr D approached him from behind and struck him once in the stick out with a 5 inch bladed knife. Mr D immediately ran away from the scene and made his way to the Family and Community Services Department with whom he was in regular contact and the natural law were contacted and Mr D was subsequently arrested. The victim had removed the weapon himself and in the meantime had made his way to nearby premises to seek assistance. He later died of his injuries in hospital.Mr Ds composition of the offence is that he had been living next to neighbours who were noisy. He give tongue to he had lived next to them for about six months and I kept knocking, asking them to turn it elaborate, they just said it was their house. When asked how many times this had occurred Mr D said, probably approached them about 5 or 6 times. M r D verbalize that he didnt mobilise the police at all, but that he did phone the housing association. He said that nothing happened as a result of this and the music continued.On the refinement occasion that Mr D asked for the music to be turned down before he committed the index offence Mr Driver stated he started threatening me and said Im not turning the music down and was arguing. I cant remember what was being said, but I just kept asking him to turn it down. He was shouting and I think I hit him first, we had a scuffle and the police were called. The Police told me to get in touch with the housing association. Following this incident Mr D said that a some weeks passed and the music continued. Mr D stated that he had been going out shopping he had been carrying the same knife that he in the end stabbed the victim with.On the day of the index offence, Mr D reported being woken at 9am by music being played. He stated, I matte up really stressed and angry. I got up, got dre ssed, I was standing in my kitchen and could hear it (the music) and I saw him going to the bin. Id come to the end of how I was legal opinion and looking for a way out. Mr D stated, I got a knife and stabbed him in the lower back. When asked what might have happened to resolve the situation had the index offence not occurred Mr D said, If I hadnt seen him, I probably would have gone on carrying the knife and gone round to his house. In terms of why Mr D felt he committed the offence, he stated, I couldnt stand them playing loud music. Mr D went onto say Yes I repent it, its led to me being kept in hospital. There is nothing else I could have done. He deserved it because he wouldnt turn down his music.AssessmentsWechsler grownup Intelligence home -3rd edition (WAIS III)This assessment examines general cognitive abilities, specifically thinking and cerebrate skills. It explores non-verbal reasoning skills, spatial processing skills, visual-motor integration, attention to compass point and acquired knowledge such as verbal reasoning and comprehension. Mr D presented with a full scale IQ of 130. worldwide Personality deflect trial runMr D was assessed for reputation disorder using the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE Loranger 1999). The IPDE is a semi-structured clinical interview developed to assess personality disorders defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition (DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revise (ICD-10 World Health Organisation, 1992). Mr Ds current presentation indicates that definite diagnoses of asocial and Narcissistic personality disorders are warranted. The Antisocial features most relevant in Mr D overwhelm a lack of concern for the feelings of others, reckless behaviour, logical irresponsibility, disregard for rules and punishment, low tolerance to frustration leading to acts of aggression and violence, a nd a proneness to rationalise and blame others for his own behaviour. The Narcissistic features which Mr D presents with include a grandiose sentiency of self-importance, a belief that he should be treated differently, an overinflated sense of self-entitlement, arrogance in his behaviour and attitudes, a obdurate pattern of taking advantage of others to achieve his own ends and an unwillingness to cut or identify with the feelings of others.Psychopathy Checklist revise (PCL-RThe Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R, Hare 1991, 2003) is a rigorous psychological assessment, widely regarded as the pattern measure of psychopathy in research, clinical and forensic settings. It measures different aspects of a persons emotional experience, the way they relate to others, how they go about getting what they want and their behaviour. High levels of psychopathic traits as measured by the PCL-R are associated with high rates of re-offending and future violence (however a low PCL-R scor e completely does not imply low risk) and can impact on responsivity to cure intervention. Mr D presented with moderate levels of psychopathic traits which fell just below the diagnostic cut off for psychopathic disorder. Items that he scored on include hardship to accept responsibility for his actions, irresponsibility, lack of remorse, callous disregard for others, grandiose sense of self worth, manipulation and early childhood problems.Presentation in interviewMr D presented as a difficult and challenging patient to interview. He was dismissive at times, questioning my experience, qualifications and competence. He stated that psychology was not a proper science and would prefer to talk to the proper doctor i.e. the psychiatrist. Mr D appeared to have some knowledge of psychiatry and psychology and used technical terms throughout. He appeared to have little insight into his mental disorder stating that he does need to take medical specialty and that everyone is like him. Mr D stated he does not under stand why anyone would think he poses a risk to people and that he should be pink-slipped from hospital immediately.Case Study 3Ms W Case StudyRead the following case study carefully. Using your knowledge of risk assessment, mental disorders and offending behaviour and interview and treatment strategies answer the following questionsDescribe the type(s) of mental disorder Ms W may be suffering fromConsider whether those disorders are likely to contribute to the risk she poses of future violenceConsider what techniques/strategies/considerations you would use when interviewing Ms WHighlight what further areas of work you may wish to undertake with Ms W (concentrating on what areas of her presentation you would like to explore/assess further and why)BackgroundEarly childhoodMs W was the eldest child of three, the other two children being boys. Ms W recalled an un adroit childhood due to the sexual abuse she experienced from her father (for which he received a conviction) and then the emotional detachment that was apparent among her mother and herself. companionable services records support Ms Ws account of her early childhood. In accessory to being sexually abused by her father, Ms W also reported being sexually abused by an uncle and a next door neighbour.Ms W also reported that the relationship between her mother and father was a turbulent one and although she did not experience any physical violence, she did hear arguments which resulted in her repeatedly banging his head against the wall through the stress this caused. Ms Ws behaviour became uncontrollable both within school and the community, in terms of fighting at school and committing petty crime such as shoplifting.Whilst still living with her parents, at the age of 14, Ms W became involved in a relationship with a man who was much older than her, in his 60s. This further contributed to the adulteration between Ms W and her parents, and her parents subsequently placed her in care. Ms W remained in care until the age of 17, and upon leaving she was given support from social services and moved into independent housing in which she was happy on her own.Education and employmentMs W reported that her school performance was average teachers would not have found her a way problem, but that she did get distracted easily. Whilst at school she was subject to bullying from peers and this resulted in her engaging in fights outside of school. Ms W left school with no formal qualifications.Ms W obtained employment as soon as she left school and worked as a packer, a cleaner and in a pet shop. All of the employment she meshed in was in a short period after school, with her last job being held at the age of 20. Ms W reported that the last job she had needed to leave because her mental health was do her difficulties and she needed to attend various appointments.Following this period of employment, Ms W was unemployed for the next 16 years due to mental health, do drugs and alcohol difficulties. Ms W claimed incapacity benefits and before coming into custody she reported having an income of approximately 800 per month.Substance and alcohol misuseMs W reported that she began drinking at the age of 14 or 15 as she would visit pubs with her partner at the time. She suggested that she became a heavy reamer at age 20 and that she needed alcohol every day as otherwise she would suffer with withdrawal symptoms. Ms W would knock down approximately 12 cans of Stella a day or 2 bottles of 2 litre Cider. Ms Ws drinking caused her health problems in the form of liver failure and pancreatitis. Ms W was under the influence of alcohol when committing the index offence and this followed a period where she had tried to go through a detoxification process without medical support. It is of note that Ms W reported hearing voices whilst she completed this home detoxification process.In terms of drug use, Ms W remembered beginning to use substances at around th e age of 18. She reports using pungent tabs, microdots, magic mushrooms, speed, heroin (smoking) and cannabis. She also reported that she would take prescription medication if the opportunity arose. Ms W recalls that she would use whenever she had the money to do so and that she would frequently take drugs and drink at the same time. She estimated that she would spend approximately 14 per day, but that this would depend on what funds she had available at the time. In the early 1990s Ms W was diagnosed with drug bring on psychosis.Psychiatric historyMs W first recalled being in contact with psychiatric services in her 20s. She was first seen by a psychiatrist due to the hallucinations she was experiencing and she voluntarily stayed in hospital for a few months. Ms W had spent time in group mental health homes and has had support from psychiatrists, CPNs and social workers.Ms W had attempted to commit suicide on a number of occasions through taking overdoses. She was diagnosed with depression in her late 20s and has been on a number of anti depressant drugs which she combined with drink and non prescription drugs.Whilst in custody Ms W was taking antidepressants, anxiolytics and anti psychotics. The latter were prescribed due to Ms W experiencing hallucinations and also mood instability. Ms W had most recently been diagnosed with Generalised Anxiety Disorder with features of depersonalisation and derealisation.Forensic historyMs W had three previous convictions. Two were received in 1989 which were both fraud offences, and then the third in 1990 for burglary and theft of a non dwelling. Ms W cannot recall specific details regarding the situations. Ms W had no other convictions for violent offending, apart from the index offence, but there has been other violence present in Ms Ws past especially within interpersonal relationships.Index offenceThe offence occurred in the shared home of Ms W and her partner. Two weeks before the index offence occurred, police had been called to the home after Ms W had taken an overdose of her partners medication. When Ms Ws partner had attempted to summon help, Ms W threatened her with a knife to try and prevent this. On the 10th June 2006 when the offence occurred, it was so-called that Ms W had been drinking cider from the early hours of the morning. Ms W insists that she was so drunk that she has no recall of the stabbing which then occurred and all that she remembered was seeing the blood on her partners stomach. After stabbing her partner in the stomach she then threatened to cut her throat with the knife. The stab wounds caused a near fatal injury. The victim was able to summons help by activating the emergency pull cord for the accommodations warden.AssessmentsWechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -3rd edition (WAIS III)This assessment examines general cognitive abilities, specifically thinking and reasoning skills. It explores non-verbal reasoning skills, spatial processing skills, visual-motor integra tion, attention to detail and acquired knowledge such as verbal reasoning and comprehension. Ms W presented with a full scale IQ of 75. The assessment showed that Ms W processes information more effectively when presented visually rather than verbally and that she struggles to concentrate for long periods of time.International Personality Disorder Examination Screening Questionnaire (IPDE-SQ)This assessment is a natural covering questionnaire which indicates whether there are certain personality traits which need further investigating using the full International Personality Disorder Examination assessment. The IPDE-SQ indicated the possible presence of paranoid, schizotypal, emotionally unstable, avoidant and dependent personality disorders but this should not be considered as a formal diagnosis.Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III)This assessment is used to evaluate elements of personality and also pathological syndromes within psychiatric populations. On this occ asion the MCMI- III was used to provide a more comprehensive picture of Ms Ws personality and presentation in combination with the outcome of the IPDE-SQ. This measure was not used to diagnose personality disorder but to contribute to the understanding of Ms Ws presentation. The Millon highlighted that Ms W presented with anxiety, drug dependence and post traumatic stress disorder and may possible present with thought disorder and major depression.Presentation in interviewMs W presented as a shy, pleasant individual with very low confidence and who suffered with anxiety. It was evident that she was lacking in confidence in terms of speaking to people and being sure of her own opinions. She had also seemed to struggle in terms of her level of concentration.Over the course of the sessions Ms Ws mood could be kinda volatile, changing from happy to depressed in the period of a couple of hours. Ms W consistently radius of thoughts of self harm throughout the sessions and when feeling de pressed would project these feelings onto others as having caused them. Ms W also presented at times as quite paranoid in terms of thinking that people were talking about her. Ms W also disclosed that she was experiencing visual hallucinations particularly when she felt stressed.

Impact of Down Syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis

usurpation of refine Syndrome and Cystic FibrosisChantelle BaileyIn this assignment I pass on dissertate the using research to explain the meeting of smooth syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis on the individual and the society (family, NHS, family, fri remainders and schooling). I exit also identify peculiar(prenominal) examples of chromo about mutations and why they atomic number 18 so signifi ga perk up to each cardinal (mentioned above).Downs SyndromeDowns syndrome (Down syndrome) is a transmitt equal derangement that ca enforces some level of education disabilities and a distinctive kind of sensible features. There be terzettosome types of Down syndrome which I leave talk about individually these be Trisomy 21, Translocation and Mosaicism. These are the chromosome mutations which cause Down syndrome.Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder triggered by an error in cell division. This is when a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the principle two copie s. This disorder dismiss give out to impairments in both mental ability and physical development that passel range from minor to moderate developmental disabilities.A lot of babies natural with Downs syndrome are diagnosed with the disorder after birth these babies are likely to train some of the following.Have reduced muscle distinction which raise lead to floppiness (hypotonia)Their eyes allow for slant upwards and outwards.They expertness have a palmar crease where they only have one crease across their palm.There average weight and length competency be below a prevalent frustrate.They might have a small nose and flattened nasal bridge.A smaller blabA sandal gap (where they have a big space amongst their first and second toe.Children with Down syndrome whitethorn share some usual physical traits they do not all look the same. Their personalities go forth substitute and their ability to do things. All babies born with Down syndrome go forth have some form of le arning disability it go away be divers(prenominal) to each individual child.In some circumstances, babies who have the disorder are identified in advance birth done antenatal check for Downs syndrome. If you have positive results for Down syndrome thither will be further adjudicates available to decide how likely it is. The screening tests wont tell you for decisive if your vitiate has Downs syndrome. The only definite way to see if your bungle has Downs syndrome is to take a sample of the babys stemma.Antenatal screening is offered to pregnant women of any age for genetic disorders. However the disorder is still often diagnosed after birth, so they can see the physical characteristics of the baby. Antenatal screening is a way to tax the possibility of your baby having or developing and abnormality disorder during pregnancy. The test should be offered at the end of the first trimester (11-13 weeks). It is possible to have the screening up to 20 weeks of pregnancy although you may have to have more blood tests. The screening tests can help reassure you that your baby has no detected abnormalities, help give you time to be ready for the muster upr of baby who has additional needs and enable you to recognize to a determination about maybe even terminating the pregnancy.The testing can provide springy information for the care you receive during your pregnancy. However no test can ensure your baby will be born without an abnormality of some kind as some abnormalities may remain undetected. If your test comes nates as high you might be offered pre-natal diagnostic tests. This is where they will give away how likely it is that your baby will be born with a hazard condition (will never be 100% accurate).The testing they used to diagnose during pregnancy is known as the combined test this will acknowledge a blood test and ultrasound scan. A sample of your blood is taken and tested this is to check the levels of certain hormones and proteins. If you r blood test comes stern which contains abnormal levels of these substances (proteins and hormones), you will have an increased get of having a baby with Downs syndrome. When you have an ultrasound scan (nuchal translucency) they will tap style the roving behind the babys neck the thickness of this fluid will help in determining whether or not your baby is likely to have downs syndrome. If your baby has a chance of this condition you may be advised by the doctor to have further tests. These tests will probably be Chronic villus sampling or amniocentesis (this will happen whilst the baby is in the womb). Both of these tests drop complications but you will be told about them when you have these tests.Chronic villus sampling (CVS) comprises of taking a sample of the placenta for closer examination. CVS is performed after 10 weeks of pregnancy. The sample is do by passing a small needle through your breadbasket or vagina and neck of your womb (cervix). The needle is guided into t he correct position whilst having an ultrasound scan. The sample will be sent for testing and the results will come back to let you know of your baby has Downs syndrome. The complications which can arise from this test are infection, heavy bleeding and even miscarriage. 1 in e really 100women will miscarry following CVS.Amniocentesis comprises of a small sample of the fluid which surrounds the baby (amniotic fluid) for closer examination. This test is ordinarily carried out after 15 weeks of pregnancy and can be done up to week 22. The same way CVS is taken through the abdomen will be used for this test and with an ultrasound scan. They will use a syringe and take a sample of the fluid and will be sent for testing. The complications which can arise from this is infection and injury to you or your baby. There is also a 1 in 100 chance of miscarriage the same with CVS.When you are informed of the outcome of your tests you might sustain this difficult to deal with. Obviously there wi ll be an impact on not only your lives but also going through with the pregnancy. The baby will need more attention than a normal baby throughout its life so the impact can be difficult. The parents will be offered counselling where they can discuss this and the impact of this. It will help to make an informed decision whether or not to carry on with the pregnancy.After the birth of your baby (when you have gone in advance with the pregnancy) is when the initial diagnosis is made based upon your babys physical appearance. For a doctor to definitely diagnose Downs syndrome they eill do a blood test called karyotype (this is where the chromosomes in the blood are analysed) if the results come back and it has found your baby has an extra 21 chromosome your baby will be officially diagnosed with Downs syndrome.Like I mentioned before there are three types of Downs syndrome and I will go through each one and explain what they are.Trisomy 21(nondisjunction)Trisomy 21 is when there is an error in the cell division called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction is a result of an fertilized egg with three copies of the chromosome 21 instead of the normal two copies. In the normal process of reproduction, the egg and the sperm start out with the normal 46 chromosomes. The egg and the sperm will undergo cell division this is where the 46 chromosomes are divided into half and the egg and sperm cells end up with 23 each. When the egg and the sperm fertilize the baby will end up with a complete set of chromosomes half from the m otherwise and the other half from the father.sometimes though, an error occurs, when the 46 chromosomes are being split. Sometimes the egg or the sperm will keep both copies of the chromosome 21 instead of just having one copy. When fertilized the baby will end up with having 3 21 chromosomes and this is called trisomy 21 or Downs syndrome.This is a typical cell division.23 chromosomes from the eggand the sperm. Resulting, in46 chromosomes.This is Trisomy 2 1 startingWith the normal 46chromosomes and celldivision which results in47 chromosomes.TranslocationThis type of Down syndrome is caused by rearranged chromosome material. Just like in trisomy 21 there are three 21 chromosomes, but one of the 21 chromosomes is attached to another chromosome instead of being separate. The extra 21 chromosomes is what causes the health problems associated with Downs syndrome. In translocation Down syndrome the extra 21 chromosome might be attached to 13 or 14 chromosome. A room full of 100 Down syndrome babies you might not be able to pick out the one who had translocation Downs syndrome.(fastbleep.com)How do these chromosomes get stuck together? A chromosome is made up of two arms connected by the centromere. In humans the 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 have very short arms and contains very little useful information, theses are called acrocentric chromosomes.