Operations Management Schroeder Chapters 1-3 - 1594 Words

CHAPTER 1 Question #2 What is the difference between the terms production management and operations management? Production management deals primarily with the manufacture of goods, whereas operations management encompasses the production of not only goods, but services as well. Question #3 How does the function of an operations manager differ from the function of a marketing manager or a finance manager? The operations managers function is to create the supply of goods, whereas the marketing managers function is to create the demand for goods, and the finance managers role is to secure and allocate the capital necessary to produce the goods. How are these functions similar? Decisions made by all three managers affect all†¦show more content†¦c. A small manufacturing firm Purpose - to provide quality goods to the consumer at the lowest possible cost to the manufacturer Products - physical goods along with the services necessary to support those goods Process - decide what type of industrial equipment will be needed to support manufacturing; determine how large of a facility will be needed to house the production line and administrative support offices; determine the process by which the goods will be designed, manufactured, packaged, marketed, and supported; determine what each member of the staff will be responsible for and how and by whom their performance will be evaluated Quality - create a quality control process to detect and reduce defects; ensure that employees maintain a friendly demeanor with customers during all levels of the sales and support processes Capacity - staffing levels, material inventory, and equipment availability will determine the quantity of goods that the facility is able to produce over a given period of time Inventory - consumer demand for finished goods will determine the levels of rawShow MoreRelatedSouthwest Airlines775 Words   |  4 PagesTommy Johnson Chapter 13 is titled â€Å"Scheduling Operations† and it is mainly about scheduling decisions for batch operations and how they deal with the allocation of scarce resources to jobs, activities, tasks, or customers. â€Å"Scheduling results in a time-phased plan, or schedule, of activities. The schedule indicates what is to be done, when, by whom, and with what equipment. Scheduling should be clearly differentiated from aggregate planning† (Schroeder, pg. 293). Chapter 14 is titled â€Å"ProjectRead MoreLogistics: Management and Supply Chain1566 Words   |  7 PagesMinor Logistics Operations Presentatie titel MIRBSLM114OP N.J. Osentoski-Monsma A. 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Mandal’s, Marathwada Institute Of Technology Beed Bypaas Road, Aurangabad, Pin no.431028 1ankita.dongre@gmail.com, 2tgkamthankar@gmail.com, 2suvarna22kar30@gmail.com, 2akash.sharma305@gmail.com Abstract: Security systems are constantly being a thread to ethical hackers; still in today s scenarioRead MoreDeterminants of Internal Audit Effectiveness8672 Words   |  35 Pagescompetency, management support and tone at the top and scope of services and planning. Toward this end it confirms the five determinants of the effectiveness of internal audit are needed in ensuring the well-being of an organization and for it to achieve its objectives. 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Thesis in tea bags - 1087 Words

Title page: Ink Made out of Camellia sinensis Abstract: This project is being done to know the potency of the extract from Camellia sinensis as an ink. This project aims for making an ink for a cheaper and in alternative way than the commercial and branded one. Problem: How to make an alternative ink out of Camellia sinensis that can be found in tea bags? Introduction: Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis. Tea likely originated in China as a medicinal drink. It is made by brewing tea leaves to create an extract, due to the chlorophylls and other pigments in the leaves, the color commonly appears brown. Statement of the Problem: In†¦show more content†¦The physical characteristics of the Ink from tea extracts was observed and compared to the Ink that was commercially processed. Results and Discussions: Our hypothesis which states that tea bags can be used for an alternative ink if cornstarch and vinegar were added was proven correct. The addition of vinegar and cornstarch in making an alternative ink resulted a thicker consistency . We also had proven that without the vinegar, the alternative ink will be less seen. Findings: During the procedure itself, we have observed that boiling was an effective process of extraction. Right after we put the tea bags inside the boiling water, the changed- color was very noticeable. During that step, the smell from the tea was strong. While doing the steps, there was a change of color when we added the vinegar and the cornstarch. The vinegar’s effect was also seen when we tried it on a paper. It became sticky and the color grew darker than before. Data Analysis: While doing these steps, we analyzed the following data we gathered. The vinegar we added had a great part for succeeding the experiment because the vinegar’s effect is the reason why the alternative ink became more effective. We had analyzed that the use of boiling water was the easier way to extract the tea bags. As we researched, there are also various methods onShow MoreRelatedCoffee Shop Comparison: Coffee Spot and Starbucks1233 Words   |  5 Pagescall the Coffee Spot and the other took place in a Starbucks on the other side of this university town. The coffee was good in both places, but the atmosphere and the comfort zone were very different, and this paper points out those differences. 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Beeny Cliff and On Wenlock Edge Essay Example For Students

Beeny Cliff and On Wenlock Edge Essay In both poems : Beeny Cliff (Thomas Hardy) and On Wenlock Edge (A.E.Housman) , the two poets associate the past with the present in different ways. Hardy presents the past by remembering his own experiences. Throughout the poem, the love and relationship with his previous wife is described almost as an unpleasant reminiscence. As if telling a story, he reveals the misery of the unrequited love and the regrets that he has for the past. Whereas in On Wenlock Edge, Housman is standing alone on a hillside, gazing at a landscape. He relates himself to an imagined historical figure, by mentioning things in common in both characters; also contributing his emotions and views that he has at that particular place. I think that the poets expressions are rather personal in both poems. On the whole, the two poems are retrospective, whether it was about their own history, or about the ancient, the one not experienced. Although presented in various ways, it seems that there is a sense of melancholy in both poems. Hardy does this by presenting his language in a depressing tone, though still giving away hints of his affection towards his former wife; whom he had written the poem for. However, Housman gives us a transient feeling; also creating the sense of loneliness throughout the whole poem. He describes the view he has from the hillside, and analyses human beings against the nature around him; using elements such as the wind and the trees of different kinds. Beeny Cliff is a short, simple-structured poem. The five stanzas, each three lines, are numbered with Roman numerals, as if to place them in order. They also act as time indicators to show that the time is moving forward; as out of five, the first three sections are written in the past tense, the other two in the present tense. Similar to the shape, the content of the poem divides into five sections as well. The poem starts with a feeling of deep, mutual love. The romantic theme carries on, though giving some awkward impressions using a difficult choice of vocabulary. Unfortunately, the poem concludes with the death of his wife, and a sense of unhappiness stands out by the constant use of negative language. I think Hardy intentionally does this to separate the individual events in each stanza. Overall, the poem is in an eye-catching shape, and seems as significant as the content presumably is to the poet. Similarly, On Wenlock Edge is a very short poem with five stanzas, each four lines. I think that its shape is very appropriate for a poem about the countryside, as it has a simple shape, divided into neat sections. As with the Beeny Cliff, On Wenlock Edge is also written in the past tense in the first four stanzas, and the last in the present tense. I think Housman does this to start telling of his memory in the past, and then brings it back to the present. Furthermore, the lines are short and only state his individual thoughts without any explanation. I think that Housman does this in order to make the reader focus more on the content as, I think, a lot of understanding is needed; although the poem looks quite straightforward. The rhyme scheme of On Wenlock Edge is also very simple, the ABAB form. Apart from a pair of eye-rhyme, all of the rhymes are very noticeable. The eye-rhyme, hanger and anger looks as if they would rhyme, but does not when spoken aloud. Nevertheless, I think Housman could have done this to emphasise his anger, as the two words would be the same if the h was taken off hanger. .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 , .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .postImageUrl , .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 , .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2:hover , .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2:visited , .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2:active { border:0!important; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2:active , .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2 .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u83cb33376bd605d943752e5f9d0cffe2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poems nothings changed EssayIn this stanza, Housmans feelings stand out, as he expresses his rage on his choice of language as well. In the same stanza, the repetition of the harsh th sounds in words such as through, then, and threshed; this would be the evidence of the emphasis of his emotion. Likewise, Beeny Cliff has an even simpler rhyme scheme. It has an AAA rhyme scheme, the three lines of each stanza rhyming. For example, the first three lines rhyme with an ee sound, and the next stanza rhymes with an ay sound, and so on. This is quite an unusual pattern; however Hardy uses them successfully and makes the rhymes very strong and obvious. I think this rhyme scheme creates a spell-like sense, which would be appropriate for a love poem. In the first line of Beeny Cliff, Hardy starts the poem with the word O. The letter o, as onomatopoeia, is usually attached with an h; however in this case, it indicates that Hardy sighs. At this point, I think Hardy shows this to underline his unhappiness. During the rest of the first stanza, there are several alliterations used, such as loyally loved, the lo repeated. Hardy does this to emphasise the love between the couple in the beginning; as he carries on his telling of the feelings that he had, when he was deeply in love. Moreover, not only does he carry on using a lot of alliterations, but he also uses some assonance. For example, there is the triplet, riding high bright in line 2 of the poem. The I sound, and the word high in the middle creates the sense of height. Hardy intentionally does this to explain his feelings of love. When, he and his wife were in love, Hardy tells us that they felt as though they were high up, above the sky. He mentions nether sky, as if there was another, lower sky below them. Equally, On Wenlock Edge, uses a lot of stylistic devices. One of the obvious ones would be the alliteration, such as forest fleece in line two. I think that Housman places alliteration there in order to emphasise the abundance of trees in the forest. Consonances used in this poem are not as obvious; however they are repeated a few times. The phrase plies the saplings double has a little significance, as it shows the effects of the gale, the main element of the poem. I think the sound ply in both words gives quite a strong impact and helps to visualise the young trees being bent by the winds. Personification is used quite often in both of the poems. In On Wenlock Edge, Housman shows one in the first stanza. the Wrekin heaves. The Wrekin, a hill or a mountain, is described as a moving object. However, this is only used to describe blustery scenery; as the wood, covering the mountain would look as if the mountain is moving. In Beeny Cliff, there is an obvious example, cloud..cloaked. As well as alliteration, personification is used. Hardy uses the phrase the cloud cloaking something in order to give a feeling of uncertainty, in the couples relationship, associating the cloudy weather. I think that both poets use personification in diverse and suitable way.

Role Of Television Play In Society Essays - , Term Papers

Role Of Television Play In Society What role does television play in society? For decades we have seen many parts of our world rapidly going through changes in technology. Todays society has been transformed by means of communication and the available information through mass media. Most Americans rely on television for news, sports, and entertainment. Television is just one of the many examples of how technology has changed our lives. Since the invention of the television in the early 1900s, it has played a very important role in our lives. Having a television set in the home has become very essential in todays society. We depend on it to entertain us with its sitcoms and to inform us about current world issues. The problem is that sometimes what we hear or see on television is not always accurate or correct. Sometimes news stories give us the wrong information and we believe that it is true because it is being said on television. They may give you a story, but they may leave out some details to prove their point or to make the story more interesting. According to Neil Postman in Future Shlock, Americans are among the most ill-informed people in the world (676). He goes on to say that Television, in other words, is not the great information machine. It is the great disinformation machine (677). I agree with his statements because TV tends to mislead us with its stories. I also believe he says that we are among the most ill-informed people because we tend to want to watch the entertainment shows and not tune it to the ne ws broadcasts so we are not informed about what is going on in our world. We complain that there arent enough intelligent people in the world and yet we are being misinformed by what is supposed to be our main source of information. Another way television misleads its viewers is by the way that they present candidates for an election of politicians. They spend all their time and money trying to put together a commercial that only puts down the other candidate. How are voters supposed to know whom to vote for if all they are presented with is negative ideas about each candidate? Television also tries to persuade us to vote for a certain proposition. Voters are also lured into voting for or against a proposition by listening to the music being played in the background of the commercial. An example of this type of situation may be the campaign on proposition 5 dealing with the Indian Casinos. They play sad, and convincing, music in the background of their commercial so the viewers can soften their hearts and vote yes on their proposition. Television is powerful enough to make our shopping easier. Actually, it is making us lazier. TV shows such as the Home Shopping Network make shopping as easy as dialing some numbers on a touch tone phone. People are also convinced to buy a certain product because a celebrity is presenting it. For example: if supermodel Cindy Crawford presents make-up, ladies will buy it and wear it because they believe that it will make them look like her. As a television viewer myself, I believe that television has us all trapped in a world where we believe everything that is being said. As technology keeps advancing there will be less tasks for us to do. Television is one of the many advances in technology that has made our lives easier, or should I say it has made us lazier? Whether that is good or bad, I dont know, but what I do know is that technology is robbing us of our ability to think for ourselves. Social Issues

International Finance Question Bank free essay sample

Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The currency used to buy imported goods is A) the buyers home currency. C) the currency of a third country. 1) B) the sellers home currency. D) special drawing rights. 2) 2) If portable disk players made in China are imported into the United States, the Chinese manufacturer is paid with A) international monetary credits. B) dollars. C) yuan, the Chinese currency. D) euros, or any other third currency. 3) If the United States sells beef to Japan, the U.S. beef producer is paid with A) euros, or any other third currency. B) dollars. C) yen, the Japanese currency. D) international monetary credits. 4) When Safeway supermarkets in the United States buys strawberries from Mexico, A) it must use dollars to pay Mexican farmers. We will write a custom essay sample on International Finance Question Bank or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page B) it may use any currency it chooses. C) it must use pesos to pay Mexican farmers. D) the transaction shows up in the U. S. capital account. 5) A country records its international finance accounts in its A) balance of payments accounts. B) import/export log accounts. C) trade payments accounts. D) net exports payments account. ) A countrys balance of payments accounts record A) its international trading, borrowing, and lending. B) only its official transactions with other governments. C) the countrys net indebtedness to foreigners. D) the flow of human and nonhuman resources between it and its trading partners. 7) A countrys balance of payments accounts include all of the following EXCEPT A) military account. B) capital account. C) current account. D) official settlements account. 8) The balance of payments accounts include the A) non-performing account. C) current account. 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) B) export bank account. D) exim bank account. 9) 9) In part, a countrys current account measures A) its current debt as opposed to its long-term debt. B) receipts from the sale of goods and services to foreigners and payments for goods and services bought from foreigners. C) net increases and decreases in a countrys holdings of foreign currency. D) borrowing and lending activity between the countrys residents and foreigners. 10) The balance of payments account used to record payments for imported goods and services is the A) exim account. B) current account. C) capital account. D) import account. 1 10) 1) The largest part of the U. S. current account consists of A) net transfer payments between the United States and Mexico. B) Fed transfers of U. S. dollars to other central banks. C) receipts from exports and payments for imports. D) net borrowing between the United States and other countries. 12) In 2003, the U. S. current account had a A) deficit of $559 billion. B) balance with a discrepancy of $40 billi on. C) surplus of $559 billion. D) deficit of $90 billion. 13) The balance of payments account that records foreign investment in the United States is the A) capital account. B) current account. C) exim account D) non-performing account. 14) The U. S. capital account measures A) foreign investment in the United States minus U. S. investment abroad. B) net increases and decreases in the U. S. holdings of foreign currency. C) net transfer payments between U. S. residents and foreigners. D) receipts from goods and services sold and transfers to and from foreigners. 15) If foreign investment in the United States exceeds U. S. investment abroad, there is a ________; and when U. S. investment abroad exceeds foreign investment in the United States, there is a(n) ________. A) current account surplus; current account deficit B) capital account deficit; capital account surplus C) current account surplus; official accounts surplus D) capital account surplus; capital account deficit 16) In 2003, the U. S. capital account had a A) deficit of $559 billion. C) surplus of $559 billion. 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) B) surplus of $115 billion. D) deficit of $115 billion. 17) 17) The official settlements account of a country measures A) the receipts from goods and services bought and sold, and transfers to and from foreigners. B) borrowing and lending between the countrys residents and foreigners. C) net transfer payments between the countrys citizens and foreigners. D) the net increase or decrease in the countrys official reserves. 18) The account used to record changes in the official reserve is the A) capital account. B) current account. C) official settlements account. D) official reserves account. 19) The official settlements account for the United States measures the A) net value of foreign goods purchased by U. S. residents. B) value of U. S. merchandise purchased by foreigners. C) net value of U. S. exports of services. D) net increase or decrease in the governments holdings of foreign currency. 18) 9) 2 20) The change in U. S. official reserves is equal to A) the current account balance minus the capital account balance. B) the current account balance plus the capital account balance. C) borrowing from abroad plus the current account deficit. D) foreign investment in the United States minus U. S. investment abroad. 21) Which of the following statements about the balan ce of payments accounts is correct? A) The official settlements account is typically larger than both the capital and current accounts. B) The sum of all three accounts is always zero. C) The current account must be greater than the capital account. D) Typically the capital account is near zero because it equals the difference between the current account and the official settlements account. 22) Over the last two decades, according to the United States balance of payments, A) the official settlements balance fluctuates greatly from year to year. B) there is no clear relationship between the current account balance and the capital account balance. C) the current account and the capital account balances tend to move in opposite directions. D) the current account and the capital account balances tend to move in the same direction. 23) During most of the 1980s and 1990s, the U. S. has had A) a negative current account and a positive capital account. B) a positive current account and a positive capital account. C) a positive current account and a negative capital account. D) a negative current account and a negative capital account. 24) If a nation during its entire history has borrowed more from the rest of the world than it has lent to the rest of the world, the country is a A) net lender. B) creditor nation. C) net borrower. D) debtor nation. 25) If a country is currently lending more to the rest of the world than it is borrowing from the rest of the world, the country is a A) creditor nation. B) debtor nation. C) net lender. D) net borrower. 26) A net borrower is a country that ________, while a net lender is a country that ________. A) decreases its stock of outstanding foreign debt; lends more than it borrows B) borrows more than it lends; lends more than it borrows C) borrows more than it lends; owes more to foreigners than foreigners owe to it D) lends more than it borrows; borrows more than it lends 27) If a country during its entire history has invested more in the rest of the world than the rest of the world has invested in it, the country is a A) net lender. B) net borrower. C) creditor nation. D) debtor nation. 28) If a country is currently borrowing more from the rest of the world than it is lending to the rest of the world, the country is a A) debtor nation. B) creditor nation. C) net lender. D) net borrower. 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 3 29) A creditor nation is a country that ________ and a debtor nation is a country that ________. A) currently lends more than it borrows; currently borrows more than it lends B) through its history has lent more than it has borrowed; through its history has borrowed more than it has lent C) currently borrows more than it lends; currently lends more than it borrows D) through its history has borrowed more than it has lent; through its history has lent more than it has borrowed 30) A creditor nation means a nation whose A) total investments in the rest of the world exceeds the rest of the worlds investments in that country. B) exports exceed its imports. C) current account is larger than its capital account. D) lending to the rest of the world exceeds its borrowing from the rest of the world. 31) A debtor nation means a nation whose A) total investments in the rest of the world are less than the rest of the worlds investments in that country. B) lending to the rest of the world exceeds its borrowing from the rest of the world. C) current account is less than its capital account. D) imports exceeds its exports. 32) Today, the United States is a I. net borrower II. net lender III. debtor nation IV. creditor nation A) II and III B) II and IV 29) 0) 31) 32) C) I and III D) I and IV 33) 33) If a country has a capital account surplus, that countrys stock of international indebtedness is A) increasing. B) decreasing. C) zero. D) constant. 34) If a country has a capital account deficit, that countrys stock of international indebtedness is A) zero. B) decreasing. C) increasing. D) constant. 35) Since 1983, the United States has been a net ___ _____ and since 1989 has been a ________ nation. A) lender; debtor B) borrower; creditor C) borrower; debtor D) lender; creditor 36) Currently, the United States is a net ________ and a ________ nation. A) lender; creditor B) borrower; creditor C) borrower; debtor D) lender; debtor 37) The main source of fluctuations in the current account balance is A) net interest income. B) net exports. C) net taxes. D) net transfers. 38) The private sector surplus or deficit equals A) net taxes minus government purchases. C) government purchases minus net taxes. 4 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) B) investment minus saving. D) saving minus investment. 39) Net exports equals A) government saving plus private saving. B) imports of goods and services minus exports of goods and services. C) exports of goods and services minus imports of goods and services. D) Both answers A and C are correct. 40) A net exports deficit or surplus equals A) taxes minus savings plus public and private investment. B) net worth plus the government sector surplus or deficit minus the private sector surplus or deficit. C) the government sector surplus or deficit plus the private sector surplus or deficit. D) net lending by both the private and public sector plus savings minus investment. 41) Which of the following is correct? A) The public sector surplus or deficit equals net exports plus the private sector surplus or deficit. B) Net exports equals the government sector surplus or deficit plus the private sector surplus or deficit. C) Net exports equals the current account plus the capital account plus the official settlements account. D) The private sector surplus or deficit equals net exports plus the public sector surplus or deficit. 42) Which of the following statements is true? A) If (private) investment is greater than (private) saving then the private sector has a deficit. B) If (private) saving is greater than (private) investment then the private sector has a surplus. C) If (private) investment is greater than (private) saving then either the government or net export sector must have a surplus. D) All of the above answers are correct. 43) X is exports, M is imports, T is net taxes, G is government purchases, C is consumption expenditure, S is saving, and I is investment. Which of the following equations represents the private sector surplus or deficit? A) S I B) T G C) X M D) C + S + T 44) Suppose X M = net exports; T G = government sector surplus or deficit; and S I = private sector surplus or deficit. Which of the following relationships is correct? A) T G = X M + S I B) S I = X M + T G C) X M = T G + S I D) None of the above answers are correct. 45) Which of the following statements about net exports, the government sector, and the private sector is INCORRECT? A) Net exports equals exports minus imports. B) The government sector balance equals net taxes minus government purchase of goods and services. C) The sum of government sector and private sector balances equals net exports. D) Private sector balance equal private investment minus private saving. 46) If net exports is 100 and the private sector balance is 150, then the government sector balance is A) -50. B) 0. C) 50. D) 250. 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 5 47) Suppose U. S. net exports are -$400 billion and the U. S. government sector surplus is $200 billion. Then in the private sector, saving minus investment equals A) -$600 billion. B) +$200 billion. C) -$200 billion. D) +$600 billion. 48) Hong Kong has imports of $1,130 billion and exports of $1,255 billion. Hong Kong definitely has ________ in 2000. A) negative net exports of $125 billion B) a government budget surplus C) positive net exports of $125 billion D) Both answers B and C are correct. 47) 48) Component Investment, I Net taxes, T Government purchases, G Exports, X Imports, M Amount (billions of dollars) 700 1,300 1,200 1,500 1,700 49) 49) In the above table, the government sector surplus or deficit (its budget balance) is a A) surplus of $100 billion. B) surplus of $200 billion. C) deficit of $200 billion. D) deficit of $100 billion. 50) In the above table, the net exports is a A) surplus of $100 billion. C) surplus of $200 billion. 50) B) deficit of $100 billion. D) deficit of $200 billion. 51) 51) In the above table, the government sector surplus or deficit is a ________ and net exports is a ________. A) deficit of $100 billion; surplus of $200 billion B) surplus of $100 billion; surplus of $200 billion C) surplus of $100 billion; deficit of $200 billion D) deficit of $100 billion; deficit of $200 billion 52) In the above table, the private sector has a A) deficit of $400 billion. C) surplus of $300 billion. 53) In the above table, saving must be A) -$400 billion. B) $400 billion. 52) B) deficit of $200 billion. D) deficit of $300 billion. 53) C) -$300 billion. D) $300 billion. Item Exports Imports Government purchases Net taxes Investment Saving Billions of dollars 234 277 887 855 760 749 54) 4) The above table gives data for the nation of Sueland. What is the value of net exports? A) $234 billion B) -$43 billion C) $43 billion D) $511 billion 6 55) The above table gives data for the nation of Sueland. What is the government sector surplus or deficit? A) -$43 billion B) $1,772 billion C) -$32 billion D) $32 billion 56) The above table gives data for the nation of Sueland. What is the private sector surplus or deficit? A) -$11 billion B) -$43 billion C) $11 billion D) $43 billion Item Exports Imports Government sector surplus Private sector deficit Dollars 500 400 250 -150 55) 56) 7) The above table describes accounts for the country of Pacifica. Using this information, net exports for Pacifica equals A) -$100. B) $650. C) $900. D) $100. 58) In the foreign exchange market, the ________ of one country is traded for the ________ of another country. A) currency; currency B) currency; financial instruments C) currency; goods D) goods; goods 59) Which of the following apply to exchange rates? I. The exchange rate is a price. II. The exchange rate for a currency depends on which foreign exchange market you use. III. The foreign exchange rate is different from other prices because it is NOT determined by supply and demand. A) I B) II and III C) I, II, and III D) I and II 60) The foreign exchange rate is the price at which the ________ of one country exchanges for the ________ of another country. A) currency; goods B) currency; financial instruments C) currency; currency D) goods; goods 61) By definition, currency depreciation occurs when the value of A) one currency falls relative to another currency. B) one currency rises relative to another currency. C) all currencies fall relative to gold. D) gold falls relative to the value of currencies. 62) Which of the following examples definitely illustrates a depreciation of the U. S. dollar? A) The dollar exchanges for 1 pound and then exchanges for 1. 2 pounds. B) The dollar exchanges for 250 yen and then exchanges for 275 francs. C) The dollar exchanges for 100 francs and then exchanges for 120 yen. D) The dollar exchanges for 120 francs and then exchanges for 100 francs. 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) 7 63) Which of the following examples definitely illustrates a depreciation of the U. S. dollar? A) The dollar exchanges for 200 yen and then exchanges for 250 yen. B) The dollar exchanges for 2,000 pesos and then exchanges for 3,400 pesos. C) The dollar exchanges for 250 yen and then exchanges for 200 francs. D) The dollar exchanges for 120 yen and then exchanges for 100 yen. 64) When the U. S. dollar depreciates against the yen, the yen becomes ________ expensive and the exchange rate ________. A) more; rises B) less; falls C) more; falls D) less; rises 65) When the U. S. dollar depreciates against the yen, the yen ________ and the exchange rate ________. A) appreciates; rises B) depreciates; rises C) depreciates; falls D) appreciates; falls 66) Suppose the exchange rate of the U. S. dollar was 1. 50 British pounds = $1. 00 (U. S. on Wednesday, and on Monday the exchange rate was $. 75 (U. S. ) = 1. 00 British pound. Which of the following best describes what happened between Wednesday and Monday? A) The U. S. dollar appreciated against the British pound. B) The U. S. dollar depreciated against the British pound. C) The British pound appreciated against the U. S. dollar. D) Both answers B and C are correct. 67) By def inition, currency appreciation occurs when A) the value of all currencies fall relative to gold. B) the value of all currencies rise relative to gold. C) the value of one currency rises relative to another currency. D) the value of one currency falls relative to another currency. 68) Which of the following examples definitely illustrates an appreciation of the U. S. dollar? A) The dollar exchanges for 1 pound and then exchanges for 1. 2 pounds. B) The dollar exchanges for 120 francs and then exchanges for 100 francs. C) The dollar exchanges for 200 yen and then exchanges for 250 francs. D) none of the above 69) Which of the following examples definitely illustrates an appreciation of the U. S. dollar? A) The dollar exchanges for 200 yen and then exchanges for 250 yen. B) The dollar exchanges for 1. pounds and then exchanges for 200 yen. C) The dollar exchanges for 120 francs and then exchanges for 100 francs. D) none of the above 70) Suppose the exchange rate of the U. S. dollar was 1. 00 German mark = $0. 50 (U. S. ) on Thursday, and on Friday the exchange rate was $1. 00 (U. S. ) = 2. 10 German marks. Which of the following best describes what happened between Thursday and Friday? A) The U. S. dollar appreciated against the German mark. B) The U. S. dollar depreciated against the German mark. C) The German mark appreciated against the dollar. D) Both answers B and C are correct. 3) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 8 71) The law of demand for dollars means that A) the lower the exchange rate, the greater the quantity of dollars demanded. B) the higher the exchange rate, the smaller the quantity of dollars demanded. C) the lower the exchange rate, the smaller the quantity of U. S. exports demanded. D) Both answers A and B are correct. 72) A rise in the U. S. exchange rate will A) decrease the demand for dollars. B) increase the demand for dollars. C) decrease the quantity of dollars demanded. D) increase the quantity of dollars demanded. 73) A fall in the U. S. exchange rate will A) increase the quantity of dollars demanded. B) increase the demand for dollars. C) decrease the quantity of dollars demanded. D) decrease the demand for dollars. 74) The demand curve for U. S. dollars slopes downward because, A) as the dollar appreciates, U. S. goods become less expensive to foreign residents, they purchase fewer U. S. goods, and the quantity of dollars demanded decreases. B) as the dollar appreciates, U. S. goods become more expensive to foreign residents, they purchase fewer U. S. goods, and the quantity of dollars demanded decreases. C) as the dollar depreciates, U. S. goods become more expensive to foreign residents, they purchase fewer U. S. goods, and the quantity of dollars demanded decreases. D) as the dollar depreciates, U. S. goods become less expensive to foreign residents, they purchase fewer U. S. goods, and the quantity of dollars demanded decreases. 75) As the exchange rate ________, the ________ is the value of U. S. ________. A) rises; smaller; imports B) falls; greater; imports C) rises; greater; exports D) falls; greater; exports 76) The greater the demand for U. S. exports, the A) smaller is the demand for U. S. ollars. B) larger is the demand for U. S. dollars. C) larger is the demand for non-U. S. currencies. D) larger is the current account deficit. 77) The ________ the current exchange rate, the ________ is the expected profit from holding dollars, all other things remaining the same. A) lower; larger B) lower; smaller C) higher; larger D) The premise of the question is wrong because the exch ange rate has nothing to do with expected profit from holding dollars. 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) 9 Investor Investor A Investor B Investor C Expected future value of a dollar (francs per dollar) 120 100 85 78) 8) Using the table above, if the current market value of the dollar is 125 francs per dollar, A) investor A expects dollar depreciation, but B and C expect appreciation. B) investor A expects dollar appreciation, but B and C expect depreciation. C) all three investors expect the dollar to appreciate. D) all three investors expect the dollar to depreciate. 79) Using the table above, if the current market value of the dollar is 125 francs, A) investor A holds francs, but B and C hold dollars. B) investor A holds dollars, but B and C hold francs. C) all three investors hold francs. D) all three investors hold dollars. 0) Using the table above, if the current market value of the dollar is 70 francs, A) all three investors expect the dollar to depreciate. B) all three investors expect the dollar to appreciate. C) investor A expects dollar appreciation, but B and C expect depreciation. D) investor A expects dollar depreciation, but B and C expect appreciation. 81) Using the table above, if the current market value of the dollar is 70 francs, A) investor A holds francs, but B and C hold dollars. B) all three investors hold dollars. C) investor A holds dollars, but B and C hold francs. D) all three investors hold francs. 2) Using the table above, if the current market value of the dollar is 90 francs, A) investor A expects dollar appreciation, but B and C expect depreciation. B) all three investors expect the dollar to appreciate. C) investor C expects dollar depreciation, but A and B expect appreciation. D) all three investors expect the dollar to depreciate. 83) Using the table above, if the current market value of the dollar is 110 francs, A) all three investors expect the dollar to depreciate. B) investor C expects dollar depreciation, but A and B expect appreciation. C) investor A expects dollar appreciation, but B and C expect depreciation. D) all three investors expect the dollar to appreciate. 84) Important factors that change the demand for dollars and shift the demand curve for dollars include which of the following? I. Interest rates around the world. II. The current exchange rate. III. The expected future exchange rate. A) I and III B) I, II, and III C) II D) I and II 79) 80) 81) 82) 83) 84) 10 85) If the interest rate on Japanese yen assets falls, the A) quantity of dollars demanded will increase. B) demand for dollars will decrease. C) demand for dollars will increase. D) quantity of dollars demanded will decrease. 6) If the interest rate on Swiss franc assets increases, the A) quantity of dollars demanded will increase. B) quantity of dollars demanded will decrease. C) demand for dollars will increase. D) demand for dollars will decrease. 87) If the interest rate on U. S. dollar assets increases, the A) quantity of dollars demanded will decrease. B) quantity of dollars demanded will increase. C) demand for doll ars will increase. D) demand for dollars will decrease. 88) If the U. S. interest rate rises, the A) there is a movement downward along the demand curve for dollars. B) demand curve for dollars shifts leftward. C) demand curve for dollars shifts rightward. D) None of the above answers are correct. 89) If U. S. interest rates fall, the A) demand curve for dollars shifts rightward. B) there is a movement upward along the demand curve for dollars. C) demand curve for dollars shifts leftward. D) None of the above answers are correct. 90) If Japanese interest rates rise, the A) demand curve for dollars shifts rightward. B) there is a movement upward along the demand curve for dollars. C) demand curve for dollars shifts leftward. D) None of the above answers are correct. 91) If Japanese interest rates fall, the A) demand curve for dollars shifts leftward. B) demand curve for dollars shifts rightward. C) there is a movement downward along the demand curve for dollars. D) None of the above answers are correct. 92) U. S. residents come to believe that the dollar will depreciate in the future, that is, the exchange rate in the future will be lower than the current exchange rate. As a result, A) there is a movement upward along the demand curve for dollars. B) the demand curve for dollars shifts rightward. C) the demand curve for dollars shifts leftward. D) None of the above answers are correct. 85) 86) 87) 88) 89) 90) 91) 92) 11 93) U. S. esidents come to believe that the dollar will appreciate in the future, that is, the exchange rate in the future will be higher than the current exchange rate. As a result, A) the demand curve for dollars shifts leftward. B) the demand curve for dollars shifts rightward. C) there is a movement downward along the demand curve for dollars. D) None of the above answers are correct. 93) 94) In the figure abo ve, the shift in the demand curve for U. S. dollars from D0 to D1 could occur when A) the U. S. interest rate rises. B) the expected future exchange rate decreases. C) people expect that the dollar will depreciate. D) foreign interest rates increase. 95) In the figure above, the shift in the demand curve for U. S. dollars from D0 to D1 could occur when A) foreign interest rates drop. B) the expected future exchange rate falls. C) people expect that the dollar will depreciate. D) the U. S. interest rate drops. 96) In the figure above, the shift in the demand curve for U. S. dollars from D0 to D2 could occur when A) people expect that the dollar will appreciate. B) the U. S. interest rate rises. C) foreign interest rates fall. D) the U. S. interest rate falls. 94) 95) 96) 12 97) In the figure above, the shift in the demand curve for U. S. dollars from D0 to D2 could occur when A) people expect that the dollar will appreciate. B) foreign interest rates fall. C) the U. S. interest rate falls. D) the expected future exchange rate increases. 98) In the figure above, the shift in the demand curve for U. S. dollars from D0 to D2 could occur when A) people expect that the dollar will appreciate. B) foreign interest rates rise. C) the expected future exchange rate increases. D) the U. S. interest rate rises. 99) In the figure above, the shift in the demand curve for U. S. dollars from D0 to D1 could occur when A) the expected future exchange rate increases. B) people expect that the dollar will depreciate. C) foreign interest rates increase. D) the U. S. interest rate falls. 100) In the figure above, the shift in the demand curve for U. S. dollars from D0 to D1 could occur when A) the expected future exchange rate falls. B) people expect that the dollar will appreciate. C) the U. S. interest rate decreases. D) foreign interest rates increase. 101) In the figure above, the shift in the demand curve for U. S. dollars from D0 to D2 could occur when A) foreign interest rates fall. B) the expected future exchange rate increases. C) people expect that the dollar will depreciate. D) the U. S. interest rate rises. 102) Other things remaining the same, the ________ the exchange rate for dollars, the greater the ________ in the foreign exchange market. A) lower; value of U. S. imports B) higher; quantity of dollars supplied C) higher; expected profits from holding dollars D) higher; quantity of dollars demanded 103) As the exchange rate ________, the quantity of dollars ________ on the foreign exchange market ________. A) falls; supplied; increases B) falls; demanded; decreases C) rises; demanded; increases D) rises; supplied; increases 97) 98) 99) 100) 101) 102) 103) 13 04) In the foreign exchange market, the supply curve for dollars slopes upwards because A) as the exchange rate rises, imports become more expensive, and more dollars are supplied to pay for the imports. B) as the exchange rate rises, imports become cheaper, and more dollars are supplied to pay for the increase in the quantity of imports. C) supply curves always slope upwards. D) as the exchange rate rises, more dollars are supplied because the profit from selling dollars falls. 105) In the foreign exchange market, which of the following results in a movement along the supply curve of dollars? A) a change in the U. S. interest rate B) a change in the expected future exchange rate C) a change in the current exchange rate D) None of the above answers are correct. 106) Which of the following is a factor that determines the amount of dollars supplied in the foreign exchange market? A) the exchange rate B) interest rates in foreign countries C) U. S. interest rate D) All of the above affect the number of dollars supplied in the foreign exchange market. 107) Other things remaining the same, the A) larger the value of U. S. imports, the smaller is the quantity of foreign currency demanded. B) higher the exchange rate, the smaller is the expected profit from selling dollars. C) lower the exchange rate, the cheaper are foreign-produced goods and services. D) larger the value of U. S. imports, the greater is the quantity of U. S. dollars supplied to the foreign exchange market. 108) One of the main reasons the supply curve for dollars slopes ________ includes the ________. A) upward; exports effect B) downward; imports effect C) downward; expected profit effect D) upward; imports effect 109) The larger the value of U. S. imports, the greater the quantity of ________ causing the quantity supplied of dollars to ________. A) U. S. dollars demanded; decrease B) U. S. dollars demanded; increase C) foreign currency demanded; increase D) foreign currency demanded; decrease 110) The ________ the exchange rate, the ________ are foreign-produced goods and hence the greater the quantity of dollars supplied. A) higher; more expensive B) lower; cheaper C) lower; more expensive D) higher; cheaper 111) The ________ the exchange rate, the ________ are foreign-produced goods and hence the smaller the quantity of dollars supplied. A) greater; cheaper B) lower; cheaper C) lower; more expensive D) greater; more expensive 04) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 14 112) The quantity of dollars supplied will increase if A) U. S. imports increase. B) foreign demand for U. S. exports increases. C) U. S. interest rates are high. D) tourism to the United States increases. 113) The quantity of dollars supplied will decrease if A) the interest rate in the United States falls. C) fewer U. S. residents travel abroad. 112) 113) B) imports into the United States increase. D) the expected future exchange rate falls. 114) 114) One of the main reasons the supply curve for dollars slopes ________ includes the ________. A) upward; expected profits effect B) downward; expected profit effect C) upward; exports effect D) downward; imports effect 115) The ________ the expected profit from holding a foreign currency, the greater is the ________ in the foreign exchange market. A) larger; quantity demanded of dollars B) larger; quantity supplied of dollars C) smaller; quantity demanded of foreign currency D) None of the above is correct because the expected profit has nothing to do with the supply and demand for dollars or foreign currency. 116) Which of the following statements is correct? A) The higher the exchange rate, the larger is the expected profit from demanding dollars in the foreign exchange market. B) The higher the exchange rate, the larger is the expected profit from selling dollars in the foreign exchange market. C) The lower the exchange rate, the larger is the expected profit from selling dollars in the foreign exchange market. D) None of the above because the exchange rate has nothing to do with the expected profit from buying or selling dollars in the foreign exchange market. 117) A change in which of the following will cause a change in the supply of dollars and shift the supply curve of dollars? I. An increase in the exchange rate. II. A change in interest rates. III. A decrease in the expected future exchange rate. A) I, II, and III B) I C) II and III D) I and II 118) The larger the U. S. interest rate differential, the A) smaller the supply of dollars on the foreign exchange market. B) larger the demand for foreign assets. C) larger the supply of dollars on the foreign exchange market. D) smaller the supply of yen on the foreign exchange market. 119) As the expected future exchange rate for dollars increases, A) the supply of U. S. dollars decreases. B) the expected profit from selling U. S. dollars today falls. C) the U. S. interest rate will fall. D) Both answers A and B are correct. 115) 116) 117) 118) 119) 15 120) In the figure above, the shift in the supply curve for U. S. dollars from S0 to S1 could occur when A) the U. S. interest rate differential decreases. B) the expected future exchange rate falls. C) the U. S. interest rate differential increases. D) the current exchange rate falls. 121) In the figure above, the shift in the supply curve for U. S. dollars from S0 to S1 could occur when A) foreign interest rates fall. B) the current exchange rate falls. C) the expected future exchange rate falls. D) the U. S. interest rate falls. 122) In the figure above, the shift in the supply curve for U. S. dollars from S0 to S1 could occur when A) the expected future exchange rate falls. B) the U. S. interest rate rises. C) the current exchange rate rises. D) foreign interest rates rise. 123) In the figure above, the shift in the supply curve for U. S. dollars from S0 to S2 could occur when A) the U. S. interest rate falls. B) the current exchange rate falls. C) the U. S. interest rate differential increases. D) the expected future exchange rate rises. 24) In the figure above, the shift in the supply curve for U. S. dollars from S0 to S2 could occur when A) the U. S. interest rate rises. B) the expected future exchange rate rises. C) the current exchange rate falls. D) foreign interest rates rise. 120) 121) 122) 123) 124) 16 125) In the figure above, the shift in the supply curve for U. S. dollars from S0 to S1 could occur when A) the current e xchange rate falls. B) the U. S. interest rate differential decreases. C) the expected future exchange rate rises. D) the expected future exchange rate falls. 126) In the figure above, the shift in the supply curve for U. S. dollars from S0 to S2 could occur when A) the expected future exchange rate rises. B) the current exchange rate falls. C) the current exchange rate rises. D) the expected future exchange rate falls. 127) In the figure above, the shift in the supply curve for U. S. dollars from S0 to S2 could occur when A) the expected future exchange rate falls. B) the U. S. interest rate differential increases. C) the current exchange rate falls. D) the expected future exchange rate rises. 128) An increase in the U. S. demand for imports will ________ the supply of dollars and lead the dollar to ________. A) increase; depreciate B) decrease; appreciate C) increase; appreciate D) decrease; depreciate 129) An increase in U. S. exports will ________ the demand for dollars and lead the dollar to ________. A) decrease; depreciate B) decrease; appreciate C) increase; appreciate D) increase; depreciate 130) The U. S. dollar will appreciate in value if A) the supply curve of U. S. dollars shifts rightward. B) Americans choose to buy more foreign goods. C) the demand curve for U. S. dollars shifts leftward. D) the demand curve for U. S. dollars shifts rightward. 131) The U. S. dollar will depreciate in value if A) the demand curve for U. S. dollars shifts rightward. B) the demand curve for U. S. dollars shifts leftward. C) the supply curve of U. S. dollars shifts rightward. D) Both answers B and C are correct. 132) An increase in the Japanese interest rate will ________ the demand for dollars and lead the dollar to ________. A) increase; appreciate B) decrease; depreciate C) decrease; appreciate D) increase; depreciate 133) An increase in the Japanese interest rate will ________ the supply of dollars and lead the dollar to ________. A) increase; depreciate B) increase; appreciate C) decrease; appreciate D) decrease; depreciate 125) 26) 127) 128) 129) 130) 131) 132) 133) 17 134) In the figure above, the equilibrium exchange rate is: $1 U. S. equals A) $0. 50 Canadian. B) $1. 50 Canadian. C) $2. 00 Canadian. D) none of the above 135) In the figure above, an increase in the U. S. interest rate relative to that in Canada shifts the demand curve for U. S. dollars ________ and shifts the supply curve of U. S. dollars _____ ___. 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D) Both answers A and B are correct. 140) If prices increase in Mexico, but remain constant in the United States, then A) people expect the current value of the dollar is too high. B) the demand for dollars will decrease. C) interest rate parity will not occur. D) people expect the value of the dollar will rise in the future. 141) Adjusted for risk, interest rate parity A) holds only for larger countries. B) holds only between the U. S. and Canada. C) always holds. D) holds only when purchasing parity holds. 42) Suppose a British bank offers a 3 percent interest rate while a U. S. bank offers a 7 percent interest rate. People must expect the U. S. dollar will A) depreciate 10 percent. B) depreciate 4 percent. C) appreciate 10 percent. D) appreciate 4 percent. 143) Suppose a Japanese bank offers a 4 percent interest rate and U. S. banks offer a 2 percent interest rate. People must expect the yen to A) depreciate by 2 percent. B) appreciate by 2 percent. C) appreciate by 6 percent. 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A) saving minus investment B) income minus consumption C) income minus consumption minus net taxes D) income minus consumption minus investment 170) International borrowing in the United States is financing ________. A) private and public investment B) consumption C) net exports D) government purchases of goods and services 171) The market in which the currency of one country is exchanged for the currency of another country is the ________. A) foreign currency market B) foreign exchange market C) Chicago Money Exchange D) G8 172) Suppose that $1 Canadian can buy $0. 65 U. S. and $1 U. S. can buy $1. 54 Canadian. These are examples of ________. A) foreign exchange rates B) purchasing power of parity C) currency appreciation D) changes in the prices of net exports 173) Between 1998 and 2000, the U. S. dollar ________ against the Japanese yen, and in 2001 and 2002, the U. S. dollar ________ against the Japanese yen. 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A) surplus of $50 billion; deficit of $25 billion B) deficit of $50 billion; deficit of $25 billion C) deficit of $50 billion; surplus of $25 billion D) surplus of $50 billion; surplus of $25 billion 185) The table above gives some of the entries in the national income and product accounts. What is the value of exports? A) $300 billion B) -$25 billion C) $25 billion D) $350 billion 186) If the pound-dollar exchange rate changes from ? 0. 60 per dollar to ? 0. 5 per dollar, then the pound has ________ against the dollar and the dollar has ________ against the pound. A) depreciated; depreciated B) depreciated; appreciated C) appreciated; appreciated D) appreciated; depreciated 187) Suppose that a dollar buys 120 yen. If a VCR sells for 18,600 yen in Japan, the price of the VCR in dollars is ________. 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Decomposition of the GRB afterglow is shown in figure 1 which displays data from GROND and other instruments. Since the authors accurately determined the host galaxy emission, they were able to subtract it from the GRB afterglow. The optical light curve displays a deviation from its initial power law decay, remaining flat for around 15 days, before decaying again. They also plot the light curve in the u-band showing a steeper decay slope >10 days where the initial slope is a1.. and the second a2 Since there is no contribution from the associated SN in the u-band, they explain that they can build a template for the pure afterglow contribution from the SN. The authors construct a quasi-bolometric light curve for the SN from GROND and supplementary data by first extinction-correcting filter band with Avà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, galactic foreground, and Avhostà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which was derived from the GRB afterglow spectral energy distribution, then secondly deriving quadratic polynomials for sets of 3 consecutive filters, which were combined to form the light curve.   They then integrate the polynomials over rest-frame wavelength from 3860/(1+z) Ã… to 13560/(1+z) Ã…, corresponding to the blue limit of the g-band filter to the red limit of the J filter, and used k-correction computed from the spectral energy distribution. Finally, they transformed the integrated flux into luminosity (figure 2), employing a luminosity distance of d=4080 Mpc, using concordance cosmology (à ¯Ã‚ -à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’=0.73, à ¯Ã‚ -m=0.27, and H0=71 km sà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­1 Mpcà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­1) Using data from the VLT/X-shooter spectrum, which is the sum of light from the GRB afterglow, the GRB host galaxy, and the supernova SN 2011kl and taken near the SN peak, (greiner) again subtracts the GRB and host contributions followed by rest-frame conversion and correction for intrinsic reddening of E(Bà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­V)=0.04à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 mag. They use this data, shown in figure 3, to draw similarities between SN2011k1 and SLSN, noting that its flat shape and high UV flux is clearly different from the brightest known GRB-SNe. When comparing this spectrum (figure 3) to the GRB afterglow, they find that there is no change in absorption lines or redshift and that they are similar to those found in hosts of LGRBs, thus relating SN2011k1 to the same galaxy as GRB111209A. Also mentioned in this comparison is that there is no offset between the GRB afterglow and SN images, which the authors say implies the events are co-spatial to within Spectral analysis of SN2011k1 reveals very low metal content and lack of H or He, unlike typical SNe Ic associated with LGRBs, therefore, (greiner) apply parameterized SN light curve fits to derive an ejecta mass Mej = 3à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1 Mà ¢Ã…  Ã¢â€ž ¢ and a 56Ni mass of 1.0à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.1 Mà ¢Ã…  Ã¢â€ž ¢ for photospheric velocity vph = 20,000 km/s, and a grey opacity of 0.07à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.01 cm2 gà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­1. The high Ni/Mej ratio is reported to be incompatible with the spectrum (figure 3) and thus the authors seek an alternative explanation for the luminosity source. The likeness of SN2011k1 to SLSNe, its host galaxy properties, low metal abundance, improbable Ni powered luminosity and association with GRB111209A lead to the authors to suggest a magnetar origin for this event, stating that post-birth from the collapse of a massive star it powers the surrounding ejecta for a super-luminous effect. This hypothesis is evidenced by reproducing the SN spectrum via sampling of   magnetar initial spin period Pi, magnetic dipole field strength B, Mej and rotational energy Ek. Best fits to the data found P=12.2à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±0.3 ms and B=7.5à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.5à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´1014 G for observed short tpeak (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¾14 rest-frame days) and moderate peak luminosity, as well as Mej=2.4 ±0.7 Mà ¢Ã…  Ã¢â€ž ¢ and energy EK=(5.5à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±3.3)à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´1051 erg. Importance and Implications The significance of this paper arises from its robust analysis of the GRB111209A afterglow and SN2011k1 using multiple datasets on top of their own data, collected with GROND. It is clear that the development (g2008) and implementation of this instrument is extraordinarily useful in this area of observational astrophysics due to its multiple measurement taking capabilities. Without this device, it is unlikely the authors could have developed their results as well as they have done, despite much of their comparison data coming from other sources, such as the ESO VLT/X-shooter. On the note of observational data analysis, there are a few important points to consider underneath the various statistical methods and rebinning mentioned in this paper. It is explained that the SN light curve error depends on the decay slope a2 remaining constant after the last afterglow measurement before onset of the SN, and since the GRB light curve is observed to steepen, the authors claim their SN luminosity measurement of 2.8+1.2-1.0 x 1043 erg/s is in fact a lower limit. They also explain that they lack any near-infrared measurements for SN2011k1, acknowledging that the bolometric peak luminosity could be underestimated by 5%-30%. A crucial achievement from this paper is that a SN with such high bolometric peak luminosity was detected, not only within the same host galaxy, but to within Evidently the authors are confident that neither the GRB is caused by a tidal disruption event, or that the unusual SN spectrum and luminosity is caused by 56Ni brightening and hence distancing it from SNIc. The former is explained by the lack of ejecta and fall back accretion time being too short to produce an ULGRB, and the latter simply by the overly large amount of 56Ni needed to reproduce the spectrum of SN2011k1. Formation and subsequent accretion of matter on a black hole is also rejected, leaving the authors to suggest the birth of a magnetar as the cause, and as seen in fig 2 their model reproduces the quasi-bolometric spectrum of SN2011k1 rather well without invoking any 56Ni interaction. Critical Assessment This paper is difficult to follow for a number of reasons. The layout is most unusual for a scientific report; it presents the abstract, which is well written and informative, then without a section heading proceeds to give a few paragraphs summarising their observational findings, with some values then absent in crucial places throughout the remainder of the work. These paragraphs are followed by a qualitative description of their interpretations for an origin of GRB111209A and SN2011k1 and their modelling of magnetar SN enhancement, in attempt to draw connections. At the end of this section, they suggest that the events could have been caused by formation of a magnetar which then lives on to power SN2011k1, and up to this point they make a good argument. The problem with this argument is that it is devoid of any mathematical content, and all the data provided is in the three graphs included in this work or essentially contained in references to other papers, making it difficult to decipher which parts (greiner) did themselves, or how they did it. The captions for each figure are also all on separate pages to the figures, located after the end of the untitled section and a collection of references. Beyond this point is a Methods section with seven 7 subsections, each with their own title and even some supplementary data to explain the origin of their work. Unfortunately, this part of the paper feels cyclical and can often feel at odds with methods they had already discussed. For example, they talk about subtracting the host galaxy emission from most of the light curves, but at multiple points in between mention they firstly have to build a template for the emission, which is detailed in a later section to be constructed from GROND data and using LePHARE . Again, there is a complete lack of mathematical clarity on their methods, however, it appears that the majority is all computational statistics performed on their copious data sources or modelling techniques. Even when discussing the origin for their magnetar properties, they give a simple qualitative explanation which should probably have been accompanied by some mathematics. When all of this is put together, it makes for an excruciatingly difficult read. There are inconsistencies everywhere in its presentation and in some comments of the work, making one wonder why they would read it again. Despite (greiner) providing some outstanding results and performing brilliant analysis on the afterglow of GRB2011k1 and spectrum of SN2011k1, the details of their work is lost to disorganisation. The Diversity of Transients from Magnetar Birth Summary This paper takes an approach to modelling physical properties of highly magnetized, millisecond rotational neutron stars, known as magnetars, in order to unify ULGRBs and SLSNe in a common framework. The authors intend to show that under their model, both of these events can be explained individually with a magnetar central engine and simultaneously via magnetar formation, as well as stating that the transition from ULGRBs to SLSNe is a natural consequence of the model. They focus on the observations of GRB111209A and SN2011k1 as a benchmark since the pair were found to be closely associated events, whilst also including various observational signatures of magnetar formation. Also discussed is the SLSN, ASASSN-15lh, which has the highest recorded peak luminosity of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (very recently it has been suggested to be a tidal disruption event (leloudas)). This event challenges the magnetar central engine model because of its extreme energy peaks, however, the authors go on to sh ow that the maximum energy output from magnetars was previously underestimated and hence fit ASASSN-15lh within their model. The proto-magnetar spin-down energetics used in the model were given as follows: firstly, the rotational energy of a magnetar with mass is where is the NS moment of inertia and is the rotational period. The rate which the NS loses rotational energy for an aligned force-free wind is given by is the spin-down luminosity, the NS magnetic dipole moment and is the surface equatorial dipole field, with a radius 12 km and is the initial spin-down time. The authors note that, although the correction is minor for ULGRBs, the spin-down luminosity given in equation eqref{2} is exceeded for a few seconds after core bounce due to neutrino-heated wind. (Metzger) secondly consider the constraints on the GRB jet collimation and how the NS properties described by the above equations can be translated to derive opening angle conditions for observed peak luminosity. Though a stable jet may be formed, it may not cleanly escape the star over time, tsd, of peak spin-down power. This is because there is uncertainty over whether the strong toroidal magnetic field in the nebula, separating the magnetar wind from the surrounding star, remains stable in the case of non-asymmetric instabilities. It is required, for a jet of luminosity Lj and half opening angle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, that tesc Where (Metzger) assume Erot=à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ since the kinetic energy of the explosion is dominated by the magnetar rotational energy. A cleanly escaping jet will then have a peak spin-down luminosity of Lj=.., implying that the observed isotropic gamma-ray luminosity is Liso=.., where e= is the radiative efficiency and fb=.. the beaming fraction. The authors state that, assuming the propagation time through the star is negligible, we can expect the GRB duration, Ty, to be such that Ty=.. Lastly, the authors describe how SN mass ejecta, Mej, thermalizes over time through adiabatic expansion and 56Ni decay (the standard process for type Ic SNe), which is enhanced by input from the NS to super-luminous levels. The thermal energy E evolution over time t as the ejecta expands is given by For an initial kinetic energy of Eokà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ , where the LHS accounts for PdV losses, vej=.. is the ejecta velocity and rej the mean radius. Conservation of energy requires that the kinetic energy Ek=à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ increases due to the work done from PdV, thus dEk=à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Lsn=à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is the radiated luminosity, where td=.. is the photon diffusion timescale, with k=à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the optical opacity which is set by electron scattering and Doppler broadening lines. Lni=à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is the rate of heating due to 56Ni decay where Mni is the 56Ni mass. The final term is the energy input from the magnetar which is assumed to thermalize the ejecta with unity efficiency.